ParaHoxozoa
ParaHoxozoa | |
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Diversity of parahoxozoans | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
Clade: | ParaHoxozoa Ryan et al., 2010 |
Taxa | |
ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria.[1] The relationship of this clade relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2][3][4]). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [5][6][7]), finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans,[8] or were secondarily lost in poriferans.[9] If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first, Eumetazoa is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa.[10]
Phylogeny
[edit]The tree below, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.
ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa
[edit]Though "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature,[11] as CamelCase is not standard in zoological nomenclature.[citation needed]
Characteristics
[edit]Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed[12][13] and contested[14] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such.[15]
Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities
[edit]![]() | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Lots of disconnected sentences, no clear structure. (March 2024) |
The original Bilateria are hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening.[16] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora however.[17] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is.[18][19][20] Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula.[21] Usually, "Planulozoa" refers to a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade to the exclusion of Placozoa, but not necessarily.[11] In the other case, when including all three lineages, it appears synonymous with Parahoxozoa.[22] Triploblasty may have developed before the Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation too.[23]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Parahoxozoa has 3 different types of phyla that includes placozoans, cnidarians, and bilaterians.
Placozoans
[edit]Placozoans (e.g. Polyplacotoma mediterranea, Trichoplax adhaerens, and Cladtertia collaboinventa) are a phylum of very small animals.
Cnidarians
[edit]Cnidarians (e.g. jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have stinging cells called cnidocytes.
Bilaterians
[edit]Bilaterians (e.g. arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates) have mirror symmetry for at least part of their embryonic development.
References
[edit]- ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044. PMID 20920347.
- ^ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq089. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 2922619. PMID 20378579.
- ^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3864F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. hdl:11572/302898. PMID 29199080.
- ^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..958S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. S2CID 4560353.
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- ^ Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015). "Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 987. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 4657218. PMID 26596625.
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- ^ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. doi:10.1534/g3.119.400951. ISSN 2160-1836. PMC 7003098. PMID 31879283.
- ^ a b Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03). The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton University Press. p. 46. doi:10.1515/9780691197067-007. ISBN 978-0-691-19706-7.
- ^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature. 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. S2CID 205241127.
- ^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996). "The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes". Current Biology. 17 (8): 706–710. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008. PMID 17379523. S2CID 18994676.
- ^ Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMC 6486804. PMID 30859199.
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