Post-Marxism
Part of a series on |
Marxism |
---|
![]() |
Postmodernism |
---|
Preceded by Modernism |
Postmodernity |
Fields |
Reactions |
Related |
Post-Marxism is a perspective in critical social theory which radically reinterprets Marxism, countering its association with economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism,[1] whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism.[2][3] Most notably, Post-Marxists are anti-essentialist, rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building radical democracy.[4][5][6] Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist[7][8][9] frameworks and neo-Marxist[10] analysis,[11] in response to the decline of the New Left after the protests of 1968.[12] In a broader sense, post-Marxism can refer to Marxists or Marxian-adjacent theories which break with the old worker's movements and socialist states entirely,[13] in a similar sense to post-Leftism,[14][15] and accept that the era of mass revolution premised on the Fordist worker is potentially over.[16]
The term "Post-Marxism" first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work Hegemony and Socialist Strategy.[17][18] Post-Marxism is a wide category not well-defined, containing the work of Laclau and Mouffe[19][20] on the one hand, and some strands of autonomism and Open Marxism,[21] post-structuralism,[22][23] cultural studies,[24] ex-Marxists[25] and Deleuzian-inspired[26] 'politics of difference'[27][28] on the other.[29] Recent overviews of post-Marxism are provided by Ernesto Screpanti,[30] Göran Therborn,[31] and Gregory Meyerson.[32] Prominent post-Marxist journals include New Formations,[33] Constellations,[34] Endnotes,[35] Crisis and Critique[36] and Arena.[37]
History
[edit]Post-Marxism first originated in the late 1970s, and several trends and events of that period influenced its development.[38] The weakness of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc paradigm became evident after the so called "Secret speech" and the following invasion of Hungary, which split the radical left irreparably.[39] Marxism from then on faced a crisis of credibility, resulting in various developments in Marxist theory, particularly neo-Marxism, which theorised against much of the Eastern Bloc.[40] This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the strikes and occupations of 1968, the rise of Maoist theory, and the proliferation of commercial television and later information technologies which covered in its broadcasts the Vietnam War.
Post-Marxism, although with its roots in this New Left and the consequent post-structural moment in France,[41] has its real genesis in reaction to the hegemony of neoliberalism, and defeat of the Left in such events as the UK miners' strike. Ernesto Laclau argued that a Marxism for the neoliberal conjuncture required a fundamental reworking, to address the failures of both.[42] Subsequently, Laclau and Mouffe address the proliferation of "new subject positions" by locating their analysis on a non-essentialist framework.
Simultaneously, revolutionaries in Italy, known as Operaismo, and later autonomists,[43] began to theorise against the conservative Italian Communist Party,[44] focusing much more on labour, gender and the later works of Marx. In France, radicals such as Félix Guattari redefined old Lacanian models of desire and subjectivity, which had often been tied to the communist project, bringing Nietzsche into conversation with Marx.[45][46] In the Eastern Bloc, the Budapest School[47] began reinterpreting Marx, building on the work of the Praxis school before them.[48] In West Germany, theorists reinterpreted Marx's works entirely from a Hegelian perspective.
Turning to the Atlantic, in the UK, Stuart Hall[49] began to experiment with increasingly aggressive post-structuralist theorists in the build up to New Labour whilst working for Marxism Today, especially in relation to race and identity.[50] John Holloway began to forge a new path between Althusserian structural Marxism and instrumentalist theorists of monopoly capitalism. In the US, Michael Hardt collaborated with Antonio Negri to produce Empire at the turn of the century, widely recognised as a consolidation and re-affirmation of post-Marxism.[51] Harry Cleaver produced innovative readings of Capital, alongside Moishe Postone who reaffirmed Marx's central concepts.
Post-Marxism also has different connotations within radical feminist theory. The way Catharine MacKinnon uses the term post-Marxism is not based on post-structuralism. She says "feminism worthy of the name absorbs and moves beyond marxist methodology",[52] meaning that Marxism is not to be left behind but built on.
Currently, figures in the US, UK, and Europe continue to produce work in the post-Marxist tradition, particularly Nancy Fraser, Alain Badiou, Jeremy Gilbert and Étienne Balibar. This theory is often very different from that produced by Laclau and Mouffe, and much of the Left has turned against the Post-Marxist turn.[53][54]
Despite being born in Latin America and the Eastern Bloc, post-Marxism is largely produced by theorists of the Global North, as the following criticisms reveal. Aside from perhaps Spivak, there are no notable theorists of the Global South[55] who are within the post-Marxist tradition,[56] and the radical movements of the Global South largely remain within the 'Old Left' tradition.[57] Several reasons relating to political geography and level of academisation are given as explanations. There is some debate however as to whether Cedric Robinson was a post-Marxist.[58]
Despite this, the Zapatistas have been a large source of inspiration for many post-Marxists.[59]
Criticism
[edit]Post-Marxism has been criticised from both the left and the right wings of Marxism.[60] Nick Thoburn has criticised Laclau's Post-Marxism (and its relationship to Eurocommunism) as essentially a rightward shift to social democracy.[61] Ernest Mandel[62] and Sivanandan[63][64] make this same point. Richard Wolff also claims that Laclau's formulation of Post-Marxism is a step backwards.[65] Oliver Eagleton (son of Terry Eagleton) claims that Mouffe's 'radical democracy' has an inherent conservative nature.[66]
Other Marxist's have criticised Autonomist Marxism or post-operaismo, a form of post-Marxism, of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies.[67] It has also been by criticised by other Marxists for being anti-humanist / anti-(Hegelian) dialectical.[68]
Post-Marxism of all stripes has also been criticised for downplaying or ignoring the role of race, neocolonialism, and Eurocentrism.[69][70][71][72]
Post-Marxism as a term is also seen as being too imprecise, often used as an insult[73] or a straw man. Besides Laclau and Mouffe, very few Marxists describe themselves as Post-Marxists, regardless of their own affinities with post-structuralist theories or their reinterpretation of Marx.[74] There is also much disagreement between post-Marxists on fundamental questions of strategy and philosophy (Hegel or Spinoza, for example); some forward a left-populism, others a complete rejection of organised politics, and others a new Leninist vanguard.
People
[edit]- Alain Badiou[75]
- Étienne Balibar[76]
- Jodi Dean[77]
- Gilles Deleuze[78]
- Antony Easthope[79]
- Jeremy Gilbert[80]
- Mark Fisher[81]
- Nancy Fraser[82]
- Félix Guattari[83]
- Stuart Hall[84]
- Michael Hardt[85]
- Agnes Heller[86]
- John Holloway[87]
- Fredric Jameson[88]
- Ernesto Laclau[89][90]
- Chantal Mouffe[91]
- Nicos Mouzelis[92]
- Antonio Negri[93][94]
- Aletta Norval[95]
- Moishe Postone[96]
- Jacques Rancière[97][98]
- Richard G. Smith[99]
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (contested)[100]
- Nick Thoburn[101]
- Slavoj Žižek[102][103]
See also
[edit]- 21st-century communist theorists
- Accelerationism
- Autonomism
- Black radical tradition
- Budapest School
- Critical legal studies
- Critical race theory
- Cultural studies
- Communization
- Eco-socialism
- Essex School of discourse analysis
- Eurocommunism
- Immaterial labor
- Marxist philosophy
- Neo-Marxism
- Neo-Gramscianism
- Open Marxism
- Postcolonialism
- Post-structuralism
- Postanarchism
- Racial capitalism
- Specters of Marx
References
[edit]- ^ MCLENNAN, GREGOR (1996). "POST-MARXISM AND THE 'FOUR SINS' OF MODERNIST THEORIZING" (PDF). New Left Review (I/218): 53–74.
- ^ Callinicos, Alex (2022). Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism (1st ed.). Routledge.
- ^ Arditi, Benjamin (September 2007). "Post-hegemony: politics outside the usual post-Marxist paradigm". Contemporary Politics. 13 (3): 205–226. doi:10.1080/13569770701467411. S2CID 154296914.
- ^ Sim, Stuart (2022). Reflections on Post-Marxism: Laclau and Mouffe's Project of Radical Democracy in the 21st Century. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-2183-1.[page needed]
- ^ Mclean, Ian; Mcmillan, Alistair (2003) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (Article: State). Oxford University Press.
- ^ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 13 (3): 259–265. Bibcode:1995EnPlD..13..259M. doi:10.1068/d130259. S2CID 144784412.
- ^ Jacobs, Thomas (2 October 2018). "The Dislocated Universe of Laclau and Mouffe: An Introduction to Post-Structuralist Discourse Theory". Critical Review. 30 (3–4): 294–315. doi:10.1080/08913811.2018.1565731. hdl:1854/LU-8600661. S2CID 150207035.
- ^ bloomsbury.com. "Marx Through Post-Structuralism". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ "Alberto Toscano: Solidarity and Political Work | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. JSTOR 1389516. S2CID 146959219.
- ^ Peters, Michael A.; Neilson, David; Jackson, Liz (6 December 2022). "Post-marxism, humanism and (post)structuralism: Educational philosophy and theory". Educational Philosophy and Theory. 54 (14): 2331–2340. doi:10.1080/00131857.2020.1824783. S2CID 224983298.
- ^ "post-Marxism". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Mills, Charles W. (2017-03-23). Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-024545-0.
- ^ "Post-Left Anarchy". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ "The Platypus Affiliated Society – The Left is not a concept". platypus1917.org. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ Deleuze: The Grandeur of Marx with Nick Thoburn, 25 September 2022, retrieved 2024-03-23
- ^ McKenna, Tony (3 April 2014). "Against Post-Marxism: How Post-Marxism Annuls Class-Based Historicism and the Possibility of Revolutionary Praxis". International Critical Thought. 4 (2): 142–159. doi:10.1080/21598282.2014.906538. S2CID 144911344.
- ^ Bowman, Paul (2019). "Ernesto Laclau (1935-), Chantal Mouffe (1948-) and Post-Marxism". Introducing Literary Theories. pp. 799–809. doi:10.1515/9781474473637-104. ISBN 978-1-4744-7363-7. S2CID 246928968.
- ^ Breckman, Warren (2013). "Introduction". Adventures of the Symbolic. pp. 1–23. doi:10.7312/columbia/9780231143943.003.0008. ISBN 978-0-231-14394-3.
- ^ Fisken, Timothy David (2012). The Turn to the Political: Post-Marxism and Marx's Critique of Politics (Thesis). UC Berkeley.
- ^ "Post-Marxism". MARX 200. 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13713-7.[page needed]
- ^ Jones, A. (1999). "Dialectics and difference: against Harvey's dialectical 'post-Marxism'". Progress in Human Geography. 23 (4): 529–555. doi:10.1191/030913299676750977. S2CID 58943873.
- ^ Tunderman, Simon (2 November 2021). "Post-Marxist reflections on the value of our time. Value theory and the (in)compatibility of discourse theory and the critique of political economy". Critical Discourse Studies. 18 (6): 655–670. doi:10.1080/17405904.2020.1829664. S2CID 225142057.
- ^ Smith, Richard G; Doel, Marcus A (April 2001). "Baudrillard Unwound: The Duplicity of Post-Marxism and Deconstruction". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 19 (2): 137–159. Bibcode:2001EnPlD..19..137S. doi:10.1068/d226t. ISSN 0263-7758. S2CID 147199071.
- ^ thewastedworld (2020-02-22). "Underground Intensities: The Gothic Marxism of Deleuze and Guattari". The Wasted World. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^ "The Politics of Difference". Gilles Deleuze. 2005. pp. 114–153. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139165419.005. ISBN 978-0-521-84309-6.
- ^ Toscano, Alberto (2008). "Chapter Twenty-Eight. Marxism expatriated: Alain Badiou's turn". Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism. pp. 529–548. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004145986.i-813.149. ISBN 978-90-474-2360-7.
- ^ Samanci, Helene (2012). "Political Ontology of post-Marxism" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Screpanti, Ernesto (2000). "The postmodern crisis in economics and the revolution against modernism". Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society. 12 (1): 87–111. doi:10.1080/08935690009358993. S2CID 145419981.
- ^ Therborn, Göran (2008). From Marxism to Post-Marxism. London: Verso Books. p. 208.
- ^ Meyerson, Gregory; San Juan, E. Jr. (2009). "Post-Marxism as Compromise Formation". Cultural Logic: Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice. 16. doi:10.14288/clogic.v16i0.191554.
- ^ "New Formations: About". Lawrence Wishart. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ "Constellations Journal - About".
- ^ Endnotes. "Endnotes". endnotes.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ "About us - CRISIS AND CRITIQUE". www.crisiscritique.org. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ "About Arena – Arena". arena.org.au. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
- ^ Hunter, Allen (1988). "Post-Marxism and the New Social Movements". Theory and Society. 17 (6): 885–900. doi:10.1007/BF00161731. JSTOR 657793. S2CID 147229586.
- ^ Black, Ian (2006-10-21). "How Soviet tanks crushed dreams of British communists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Kecskemeti, Paul (March 1959). "Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. By Herbert Marcuse. (New York: Columbia University Press. 1958. Pp. 271. $4.50.)". American Political Science Review. 53 (1): 187–189. doi:10.2307/1951737. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1951737. S2CID 151999515.
- ^ Anderman, Nicholas; Hicks, Zachary (2023-06-01). "The Pot Still Boils". Qui Parle. 32 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1215/10418385-10427926. ISSN 1041-8385. S2CID 259414199.
- ^ Laclau, Ernesto (1987). "Post-Marxism without apologies". New Left Review (I/166): 79–106.
- ^ Bratich, Jack Zeljko (2011), Dahlberg, Lincoln; Phelan, Sean (eds.), "Post-Marx beyond Post-Marx: Autonomism and Discourse Theory", Discourse Theory and Critical Media Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 154–177, doi:10.1057/9780230343511_7, ISBN 978-0-230-34351-1, retrieved 2023-07-26
- ^ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0.[page needed]
- ^ Falzon, John (2017). Communists Like Us. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-1-74258-941-1.[page needed]
- ^ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9.[page needed]
- ^ Dorahy, J. F. (2019-01-21), "The Budapest School: Beyond Marxism", The Budapest School, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-39598-5, retrieved 2023-06-21
- ^ Heller, Agnes; Tormey, Simon (1999). "Agnes Heller: Post-Marxism and the ethics of modernity". Radical Philosophy (94). ISSN 0300-211X.
- ^ "On the Front Lines of the Populism Wars". jacobin.com. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ Hall, Stuart; Morley, David; Chen, Kuan-Hsing (1996). "Post-marxism". Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203993262. ISBN 978-0-415-08803-9. S2CID 238049370.
- ^ Browning, Gary K. (June 2005). "A globalist ideology of post-Marxism? Hardt and Negri's Empire". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 8 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/13698230500108876. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 143556108.
- ^ Mackinnon, Catharine (1998-02-19), "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State", Feminisms, Oxford University PressNew York, NY, pp. 351–357, doi:10.1093/oso/9780192892706.003.0060, ISBN 978-0-19-289270-6, retrieved 2024-03-19
- ^ Reflections on Post-Marxism: Laclau and Mouffe's Project of Radical Democracy in the 21st Century (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. 2022. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2kqx0x4. ISBN 978-1-5292-2183-1. JSTOR j.ctv2kqx0x4.
- ^ Colpani, Gianmaria (April 2022). "Two Theories of Hegemony: Stuart Hall and Ernesto Laclau in Conversation". Political Theory. 50 (2): 221–246. doi:10.1177/00905917211019392. ISSN 0090-5917. S2CID 236367670.
- ^ Corbridge, Stuart (1990-05-01). "Post-Marxism and development studies: Beyond the impasse". World Development. 18 (5): 623–639. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(90)90014-O. ISSN 0305-750X.
- ^ Sanyal, Kalyan K. (March 1996). "Postmarxism and the Third World: A Critical Response to the Radical Democratic Agenda". Rethinking Marxism. 9 (1): 126–133. doi:10.1080/08935699608685481. ISSN 0893-5696.
- ^ Saravanamuttu, Johan (1995). "Post-Marxism: Implications for Political Theory and Practice". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 10 (1): 45–64. doi:10.1355/SJ10-1D. ISSN 0217-9520. JSTOR 41056902.
- ^ Haider, Asad (2017-02-13). "The Shadow of the Plantation". Viewpoint Magazine. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
- ^ "As should be clear to even the most casual observer on the left, the Chiapas rebellion has become a kind of paradigm for the p". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ el-Ojeili, Chamsy (May 2010). "Post-Marxist Trajectories: Diagnosis, Criticism, Utopia". Sociological Inquiry. 80 (2): 261–282. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2010.00330.x.
- ^ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0.[page needed]
- ^ "From Stalinism to Eurocommunism". Verso. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ "All That Melts into Air is Solid: The Hokum of New Times (Part 2)". Verso. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ "The Long Crisis of British Marxism in the Shadow of Thatcher – 🏴 Anarchist Federation". www.anarchistfederation.net. 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ Wolff, Richard D.; Cullenberg, Stephen (1986). "Marxism and Post-Marxism". Social Text (15): 126–135. doi:10.2307/466496. JSTOR 466496.
- ^ Eagleton, Oliver (2022-11-29). "What Chantal Mouffe gets wrong". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ "Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx". Frederick Harry Pitts. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ "Going in the Wrong Direction – John Holloway" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ Schueller, Malini Johar (July 2009). "DECOLONIZING GLOBAL THEORIES TODAY: Hardt and Negri, Agamben, Butler". Interventions. 11 (2): 235–254. doi:10.1080/13698010903053303. S2CID 142580442.
- ^ Amin, Samir (2014-11-01). "Monthly Review | Contra Hardt and Negri". Monthly Review. Topics: Globalization Imperialism Marxism Places: Global Syria Ukraine. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ Gray, Neil; Clare, Nick (October 2022). "From autonomous to autonomist geographies". Progress in Human Geography. 46 (5): 1185–1206. doi:10.1177/03091325221114347. ISSN 0309-1325.
- ^ Connel, Raewyn (2012). "The Poet of Autonomy: Antonio Negri as a Social Theorist". Sociologica (1/2012). doi:10.2383/36905. ISSN 1971-8853. S2CID 143095498.
- ^ "Open Marxism 1: Dialectics and History | libcom.org". libcom.org. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ ""Re-engagement with Marx" since the 1960s". MARX 200. 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Psychoanalysis in Post-Marxism: The Case of Alain Badiou - No Subject - Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis - Encyclopedia of Lacanian Psychoanalysis". No Subject - Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ Ozselcuk, Ceren (2009). Post-Marxism After Althusser: A Critique of the Alternatives (Thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst.
- ^ Watson, Janell (1 November 2013). "Repoliticizing the Left". The Minnesota Review. 2013 (81): 79–101. doi:10.1215/00265667-2332174. S2CID 144465252.
- ^ Gilbert, Jeremy (2009-09-01). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions". New Formations. 2009 (68).
- ^ Easthope, Antony (2019). British Post-Structuralism. doi:10.4324/9780367351977. ISBN 978-0-367-35197-7. S2CID 242893313.
- ^ "CV". website. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ url=https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1790615
- ^ Browning, Gary; Kilmister, Andrew (2006). "Fraser, Recognition and Redistribution". Critical and Post-Critical Political Economy. pp. 149–168. doi:10.1057/9780230501522_8. ISBN 978-1-349-42765-9.
- ^ Peters, Michael A (2022). "Poststructuralism and the Post-Marxist Critique of Knowledge Capitalism: A Personal Account". Review of Contemporary Philosophy. 21: 21–37. doi:10.22381/RCP2120222. ProQuest 2727237244.
- ^ Bowman, Paul (2007). Post-Marxism Versus Cultural Studies: Theory, Politics and Intervention. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1762-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1r27t5.[page needed]
- ^ "Hardt". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ^ Heller, Agnes; Tormey, Simon (1999). "Agnes Heller: Post-Marxism and the ethics of modernity". Radical Philosophy (94).
- ^ el-Ojeili, Chamsy (22 December 2022). "Book Review: John Holloway, Hope in Hopeless Times". Journal of Classical Sociology: 1468795X2211447. doi:10.1177/1468795X221144725. S2CID 255034329.
- ^ "Introduction to Fredric Jameson, Module on Ideology".
- ^ Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal (1987). "Post-Marxism without apologies". New Left Review (I/166): 79–106.
- ^ Acha, Omar (2019-11-12). "From Marxist to Post-Marxist Populism: Ernesto Laclau's Trajectory within the National Left and Beyond". Historical Materialism. 28 (1): 183–214. doi:10.1163/1569206X-00001311. ISSN 1465-4466. S2CID 213293433.
- ^ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 13 (3): 259–265. Bibcode:1995EnPlD..13..259M. doi:10.1068/d130259. S2CID 144784412.
- ^ Mouzelis, Nicos P. (1990). Post-Marxist Alternatives. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-12978-2. ISBN 978-0-333-57815-5.
- ^ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9.[page needed]
- ^ Browning, Gary K. (June 2005). "A globalist ideology of post-Marxism? Hardt and Negri's Empire". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 8 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/13698230500108876. S2CID 143556108.
- ^ "Deconstructing Apartheid Discourse". Verso. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ^ Feenberg, Andrew (1996). "Reviewed work: Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory, Moishe Postone". Theory and Society. 25 (4): 607–611. JSTOR 657915.
- ^ Davis, Oliver (2016). "Rancière, Jacques (1940–)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-DD3595-1. ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6.
- ^ url=https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2020107352
- ^ Smith, Richard G; Doel, Marcus A (April 2001). "Baudrillard Unwound: The Duplicity of Post-Marxism and Deconstruction". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 19 (2): 137–159. Bibcode:2001EnPlD..19..137S. doi:10.1068/d226t. ISSN 0263-7758. S2CID 147199071.
- ^ Scatamburlo-d'Annibale, Valerie; McLaren, Peter; Monzó, Lilia (2018). "The complexity of Spivak's project: a Marxist interpretation". Qualitative Research Journal. 18 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1108/QRJ-D-17-00052.
- ^ Gilbert, Jeremy (2009-09-01). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions". New Formations. 2009 (68).
- ^ Hennessy, James (2022-06-09). "Jordan Peterson and 'Kung Fu Panda': How Did Slavoj Žižek Go Mainstream?". Vice. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ "Slavoj Zizek". Pluto Press. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
Further reading
[edit]- Badiou, Alain; Macey, D; Corcoran, S. (2015). The communist hypothesis. London: Verso.
- Butler, Judith; Laclau, Ernesto; Žižek, Slavoj (2000). Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left.
- Callinicos, A., Kouvélakis, E. and Pradella, L. (2021). Routledge handbook of Marxism and post-Marxism. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Dean, J. (2018). Communist Horizon. Verso.
- Derrida, Jacques (1993). Specters of Marx.
- Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester: Zero Books.
- Galfarsoro, Imanol (2012). "(Post)Marxismoa, kultura eta eragiletasuna: Ibilbide historiko labur bat" [(Post) Marxism, Culture and Effectiveness: A Brief Historical Journey]. In Aizpuru, Alaitz (ed.). Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida [A guide to thinking in the Basque Country] (in Basque). Bilbo: UEU. ISBN 978-84-8438-435-9.
- Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire. Harvard.
- Holloway, J. (2019). Change the world without taking power : the meaning of revolution today. London Pluto Press.
- Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics.
- Sim, Stuart (2002). Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History. Routledge studies in social and political thought. New York; London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-18616-8.
- Thoburn, Nick (2003). Deleuze, Marx, and Politics. Routledge
- Tormey, Simon; Townshend, Jules (2006). Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism. Pine Forge Press.
- Žižek, Slavoj (1989). The Sublime Object of Ideology.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- Kurz, Robert (1995). Postmarxismus und Arbeitsfetisch. Krisis. No. 17 (in German),
- Marchart, Oliver (1998). Beantwortung der Frage: Was heißt Post-Marxismus?. Eintrag für Vladimir Malachov, Vadim Filatov: Sovremennaja zapadnaja filosofia, Moscow (in German).