French
DeutschPre-embryo
In human embryonic development, a pre-embryo is a conceptus before implantation in the uterus.[1]
Pre-embryo in human embryonic development
[edit]The word pre-embryo is sometimes used in ethical contexts to refer to a human conceptus at least between fertilization and implantation, though this term has not been adopted by the scientific community.[2] A conceptus between fertilization and implantation is also frequently classified as a pre-implantation embryo.[2]
Even after implantation begins, a pre-embryo may exist up until the formation of the primitive streak.[3] Implantation begins about six days after fertilization, and lasts for about a week, during which time formation of the primitive streak occurs.[4]
Use of the term pre-embryo, in the context of human development, has drawn criticism from opponents of embryo research. From scientists who have considered this categorization invalid or unnecessary.[1][5][6] One rationale that has been advanced for distinguishing an early fertilized human conceptus from an embryo is that there is a potential for the conceptus to split into identical twins prior to implantation, and so (the argument goes) the conceptus cannot be regarded before implantation as a single human being. However, the conceptus before implantation exhibits self-actuated activity, which has led to the assertion that it is an embryo.[7] Further, identical twinning is an instance of asexual reproduction whereby a conceptus, without ceasing to be what it is (a new human being), provides a cell or cells as a new conceptus, entirely separated or partially separated (a 'siamese' twin) from the original conceptus, but in any event self-actuated in its development from the moment that the act of asexual reproduction (twinning) is complete.[citation needed] By this asexual reproduction, the parents of the original conceptus in effect become grandparents to the identical twin so conceived.[citation needed]
In the United States, a report by the National Institutes of Health stated that a conceptus could be both a pre-implantation embryo and a pre-embryo at the same time.[8] However, Ann Kiessling (a leader in stem cell research) has written that those categories are inaccurate.[9]
Ontological status
[edit]
The illustration shows the ontological status of the preembryo, embryo, and fetus:
- (o) indicates the (natural &) standard reproductive and embryogenic pathway
- (mz) indicates all the possible pathways for a monozygotic twin (see Scott, 2002, Hall, 2003, for a review on monozygotic twinning)
- (/c) indicates a clone created by either SCNT or ANT (See Hurlbut, 2005, and section III. Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Biological Artifacts in the PCBE's Report on alternative sources of stem cells for a review of ANT))
- (ch) indicates all the possible pathways for a chimeric individual (see Charles E. Boklage, 2006, for a review on chimerism and twinning)
- (dz) indicates the pathway of a dizygotic twin
- (en) indicates an enucleated oocyte
- (m) indicates a hydatidiform mole
- (cm) indicates a complete hydatidiform mole
- (pm) indicates a partial hydatidiform mole, and
- (p) indicates parthenogenesis.
- (O) indicates an oocyte,
- (Z) indicates a zygote,
- (M) indicates a morula,
- (B) indicates a blastocyst,
- (E) indicates an embryo,
- (F) indicates a fetus,
- (I) indicates a live born individual person.
- (PM) indicates a partial hydatidiform mole,
- (CM) indicates a complete hydatidiform mole,
- (T) indicates a teratoma.
The colors represent the maternal and paternal genetic contributions.
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b Spallone, Patricia. “Bad Conscience and Collective Unconscious: Science, Discourse and Reproductive Technology” in Rosenbeck, Bente et al. Forplantning, køn og teknologi, pages 131-132 (Museum Tusculanum Press 1995).
- ^ a b Dyson, Anthony and Harris, John. Ethics and Biotechnology, page 94 (Routledge 1994).
- ^ Pickering, Neil and Evans, Donald. Creating the Child, page 39 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1996).
- ^ Steinbock, Bonnie. “Life Before Birth,” pages 50 and 214-215 (Oxford University Press 1992).
- ^ Mulkay, Michael. The Embryo Research Debate, page 31 (Cambridge University Press 1997).
- ^ Braude, Peter. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Embryo Research-Human Developmental Biology in Clinical Practice,” International Journal of Developmental Biology, volume 45, page 607 (2001).
- ^ Ashley, Benedict and O’Rourke, Kevin. Ethics of Health Care: An Introductory Textbook, page 127 (Georgetown University Press 2002).
- ^ Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel of the National Institutes of Health Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine (1994).
- ^ Kiessling, Ann. What is an Embryo?” Connecticut Law Review 36 (4): 1051–93.