Proactivity

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Proactivity or proactive behavior refers to self-initiated behavior that endeavours to solve a problem before it has occurred.^[1] Proactive behavior involves acting in advance of a future situation, rather than reacting. It refers to taking control of a situation and making early changes, rather than adjusting to a situation or waiting for something to happen.^[2]

Reactivity, as a behaviour pattern, is a habitual mode of taking one's lead from the situation or a participant, rather than taking initiative to solve the problem on your own terms. In moderation, this can be an effective expression of social risk aversion. Taken to excess, reactivity is a form of disempowerment.

The use of the word proactive (or pro-active) was limited to the domain of experimental psychology in the 1930s, and used with a different meaning.^[3] Oxford English Dictionary (OED)^[4] credits Paul Whiteley and Gerald Blankfort, citing their 1933 paper discussing proactive inhibition as the "impairment or retardation of learning or of the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning".^[5]

In another related meaning, the 1946 book Man's Search for Meaning brought the word to the wider public domain. The author, Austrian existential neuropsychiatrist Dr. Viktor Frankl, used the word to describe a person who took responsibility for his or her life, rather than looking for causes in outside circumstances or other people. Frankl stressed the importance of courage, perseverance, individual responsibility and awareness of the existence of choices, regardless of the situation or context.^[6]

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Proactive behavior can be contrasted with other work-related behaviors, such as proficiency, i.e. the fulfillment of predictable requirements of one’s job, or adaptability, the successful coping with and support of change initiated by others in the organization. In regard to the latter, whereas adaptability is about responding to change, proactivity is about initiating constructive change. ^[7]

Proactivity is not restricted to extra role performance behaviors. Employees can be proactive in their prescribed role (e.g. by changing the way they perform a core task to be more efficient). Likewise, behaviors labeled as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be carried out proactively or passively. For example, the altruistic OCB can be proactive in nature (e.g. offering help to co-workers before they ask for assistance). It aims at the identification and exploring of opportunities in taking action against the potential problems and threats.

• Journal of Applied Psychology
• Onboarding
• Personnel psychology
• Proactive communications

• Bateman, T. S.; Crant, J. M. (1993). "The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 14 (2): 103–118. doi:10.1002/job.4030140202.
• Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 52-66.
• Crant, J. M. (2000). "Proactive Behavior in Organizations". Journal of Management. 26 (3): 435–462. doi:10.1177/014920630002600304. S2CID 197659258.
• Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). "Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century" (PDF). Research in Organizational Behavior. 23: 133–187. doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37-63.
• Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. 2008. The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28: 3-34. http://www.unc.edu/~agrant/publications.htm
• Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327 - 347.
• Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple forms of proactive behavior. Journal of Management. 36, 633-662. https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123753/http://parker.zydec.net.au/publications/Parker%26collins_ProactivityDimensions_JOM_InPress.pdf
• Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652. https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123805/http://parker.zydec.net.au/publications/parker_et_al_modelingProactiveBehavior_JAP_2006.pdf
• Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). "Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation" (PDF). Journal of Management. 36 (4): 827–856. doi:10.1177/0149206310363732. S2CID 53962454.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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