RHD (gene)

RHD
Identifiers
Aliases	RHD, CD240D, DIIIc, RH, RH30, RHCED, RHDVA(TT), RHDel, RHPII, RHXIII, Rh4, RhDCw, RhII, RhK562-II, RhPI, Rh blood group D antigen, HDFNRH
External IDs	OMIM: 111680; MGI: 1202882; HomoloGene: 7918; GeneCards: RHD; OMA:RHD - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (human)
End	25,330,445 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 4 (mouse)
End	134,623,483 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	buccal mucosa cell; ; trabecular bone; ; testicle; ; monocyte; ; granulocyte; ; bone marrow; ; blood; ; minor salivary glands; ; right uterine tube; ; bone marrow cells;
	Top expressed in
	fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell; ; tibiofemoral joint; ; primary oocyte; ; human fetus; ; spleen; ; secondary oocyte; ; zygote; ; bone marrow; ; blood; ; femur;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	ammonium transmembrane transporter activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; membrane; plasma membrane;
Biological process	organic cation transport; ammonium transmembrane transport;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	6007
	19746
	ENSG00000187010
	ENSMUSG00000028825
	Q02161
	Q8CF94
NM_001127691; NM_001282867; NM_001282868; NM_001282869; NM_001282870;
	NM_001282871; NM_001282872; NM_016124; NM_016225
	NM_011270
NP_001121163; NP_001269796; NP_001269797; NP_001269798; NP_001269799;
	NP_001269800; NP_001269801; NP_057208
	NP_035400
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Rh blood group, D antigen also known as Rh polypeptide 1 (RhPI) or cluster of differentiation 240D (CD240D) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHD gene.^[5]

The RHD gene codes for the RhD erythrocyte membrane protein that is the Rh factor antigen of the Rh blood group system.^[6] RHD has sequence similarity to RHCE, RhAG, RhBG, and RhCG and these five genes constitute the Rh family. It was proposed that the erythrocyte Rh complex is a heterotrimer of RhAG, RhD, and RhCE protein subunits.^[7] RhAG is a functional ammonia transporter and is required for normal cell surface expression of RhD and RhCE. Patients who lack RhD/RhCE/RhAG on the surface of their erythrocytes have hemolytic anemia. Antibodies to the RhD protein can cause Rh disease.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187010 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028825 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: Rh blood group".
^ Westhoff CM (Jan 2007). "The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex". Seminars in Hematology. 44 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.09.010. PMC 1831834. PMID 17198846.
^ Gruswitz F, Chaudhary S, Ho JD, Schlessinger A, Pezeshki B, Ho CM, Sali A, Westhoff CM, Stroud RM (May 2010). "Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (21): 9638–43. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9638G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003587107. PMC 2906887. PMID 20457942.

Polin H, Danzer M, Gaszner W, Broda D, St-Louis M, Pröll J, Hofer K, Gabriel C (Apr 2009). "Identification of RHD alleles with the potential of anti-D immunization among seemingly D- blood donors in Upper Austria". Transfusion. 49 (4): 676–81. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02046.x. PMID 19170995. S2CID 205717360.
Silvy M, Simon S, Gouvitsos J, Di Cristofaro J, Ferrera V, Chiaroni J, Bailly P (Feb 2011). "Weak D and DEL alleles detected by routine SNaPshot genotyping: identification of four novel RHD alleles". Transfusion. 51 (2): 401–11. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02830.x. PMID 20723165. S2CID 7760367.
Flegel WA, von Zabern I, Doescher A, Wagner FF, Vytisková J, Písacka M (Jan 2008). "DCS-1, DCS-2, and DFV share amino acid substitutions at the extracellular RhD protein vestibule". Transfusion. 48 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01506.x. PMID 17900276. S2CID 30661322.
Zhuo CS, Zhuo XF, Guo YJ, Wang CQ (Apr 2008). "[RHD gene polymorphism of RhD negative individuals in population of Fujian province]". Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 16 (2): 435–8. PMID 18426681.
Wagner FF, Flegel WA (2020). "Review: the molecular basis of the Rh blood group phenotypes". Immunohematology / American Red Cross. 20 (1): 23–36. doi:10.21307/immunohematology-2019-419. PMC 9980290. PMID 15373666.
Callebaut I, Dulin F, Bertrand O, Ripoche P, Mouro I, Colin Y, Mornon JP, Cartron JP (2006). "Hydrophobic cluster analysis and modeling of the human Rh protein three-dimensional structures". Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. 13 (1–2): 70–84. doi:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.001. PMID 16584906.
Cartron JP (Dec 1994). "Defining the Rh blood group antigens. Biochemistry and molecular genetics". Blood Reviews. 8 (4): 199–212. doi:10.1016/0268-960x(94)90108-2. PMID 7888828.
Martínez H, Rodríguez-Larralde A, Izaguirre MH, De Guerra DC (Apr 2007). "Admixture estimates for Caracas, Venezuela, based on autosomal, Y-chromosome, and mtDNA markers". Human Biology. 79 (2): 201–13. doi:10.1353/hub.2007.0032. PMID 18027815. S2CID 21169396.
Ye L, Yue D, Wo D, Ding X, Guo S, Li Q, Guo Z, Zhu Z (Aug 2009). "Molecular bases of unexpressed RHD alleles in Chinese D- persons". Transfusion. 49 (8): 1655–60. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02181.x. PMID 19392776. S2CID 21246262.
Pirelli KJ, Pietz BC, Johnson ST, Pinder HL, Bellissimo DB (Dec 2010). "Molecular determination of RHD zygosity: predicting risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn related to anti-D". Prenatal Diagnosis. 30 (12–13): 1207–12. doi:10.1002/pd.2652. PMID 21072752. S2CID 12935058.
Flegr J, Novotná M, Fialová A, Kolbeková P, Gasová Z (Jun 2010). "The influence of RhD phenotype on toxoplasmosis- and age-associated changes in personality profile of blood donors". Folia Parasitologica. 57 (2): 143–50. doi:10.14411/fp.2010.018. PMID 20608477.
Wang XD, Wang BL, Ye SL, Liao YQ, Wang LF, He ZM (Jul 2009). "Non-invasive foetal RHD genotyping via real-time PCR of foetal DNA from Chinese RhD-negative maternal plasma". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 39 (7): 607–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02148.x. PMID 19545247. S2CID 24127883.
Li Z, Shao CP (Jun 2009). "Sequencing analysis of RHD intron 7 and 9". Transfusion and Apheresis Science. 40 (3): 169–73. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2009.03.004. PMID 19364677.
Feller JM, Simpson AM, Nelson M, Swan MA, O'Connell PJ, Hawthorne WJ, Tao C, O'Brien BA (Sep 2008). "Growth-promoting effect of Rh(D) antibody on human pancreatic islet cells". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 93 (9): 3560–7. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0510. hdl:10453/9441. PMID 18544617.
Schmid P, von Zabern I, Scharberg EA, Wagner FF, Flegel WA (Jan 2010). "Specific amino acid substitutions cause distinct expression of JAL (RH48) and JAHK (RH53) antigens in RhCE and not in RhD". Transfusion. 50 (1): 267–9. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02446.x. PMC 3482507. PMID 20233350.
Liu HC, Eng HL, Yang YF, Wang YH, Lin KT, Wu HL, Lin TM (Jun 2010). "Aberrant RNA splicing in RHD 7-9 exons of DEL individuals in Taiwan: a mechanism study". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1800 (6): 565–73. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.02.006. PMID 20188798.
Mineeva NV, Elkhina EV, Bodrova NN, Zavarzina OA, Priezzheva LS, Poedinenko IV (Mar 2009). "[D antigen varieties and determination of Rhesus factor]". Klinicheskaia Laboratornaia Diagnostika (3): 17–9. PMID 19388479.
Yuan S, Davis R, Lu Q, Goldfinger D, Ziman AF (Dec 2008). "Low risk of alloimmunization to the D antigen in D- orthotopic liver transplant recipients receiving D+ RBCs perioperatively". Transfusion. 48 (12): 2653–5. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01959.x. PMID 19055536. S2CID 10625455.
Avent ND, Reid ME (Jan 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review". Blood. 95 (2): 375–87. doi:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375. PMID 10627438. S2CID 13803474.
Denomme GA, Wang D, Matheson KA, Titolo D (Jul 2009). "The proximal cis-regulatory region of the RHD/RHCE promoter is 105 bp and contains a 55-bp core devoid of known binding motifs but necessary for transcription". Transfusion. 49 (7): 1361–9. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02162.x. PMID 19374729. S2CID 31785967.

v t e Proteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)
1–50	CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50
51–100	CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100
101–150	CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150
151–200	CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200
201–250	CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249
251–300	CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299
301–350	CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350

RHD (gene)

References

Further reading

See also