Rhetorical school of Gaza

The rhetorical school of Gaza was a group of influential scholars based in Gaza in Late Antiquity (5th–6th centuries), many of whom exhibited a teacher-pupil relationship and participated as orators in local public life.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Famous chairs of the school included Aeneas, Procopius, and Choricius.^[1]

Description

Rhetoric played an important role throughout the ancient world, not only in poetry and the art of persuasion but also directly in the training of lawyers, orators, historians, scholars, politicians and judges.^[5] Although Libanus had already remarked that Gaza was a "workshop of eloquence", the peak of rhetorical practice began from the middle of the fifth century onwards with the group of intellectuals that formed the school of Gaza.^[4] The city also boasted an important library that could to a certain extent compete with Athens, Alexandria, Beirut and Constantinople, and in which the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caeserea wrote a scandalous biography of the empress Theodora. Just as Beirut became the center of elite legal studies, Gaza became a home for classics and premier "university town" for philosophy.^[5]

Scholarly and rhetorical output of the School at Gaza included traditional Hellenic forms common to the classically educated Christian elite of the era.^[1] As in other places, the initial period of alarm and uncertainty with which classical literature and Hellenistic learning had been looked upon had passed and scholars considered the classical education as valuable for the training of Christians. Thus, Choricius of Gaza stated in his panegyric of the bishop Marcian that it was important for a bishop to be trained both in Christian and pagan literature.^[6] Both Procopius and Aeneas of Gaza were influenced by Neoplatonism which they synthesized with early orthodox Christian ideas.^[5]

Among the important collections of writings to have survived are letters which were exchanged in Gaza and also with scholars in Alexandria during this time.^[7] Several members of the school of Gaza had attended schools in Alexandria themselves, among them Procopius, Aeneas, and Zacharias Rhetor and Gaza has been called at times "a cultural colony of Alexandria".^[8]

As was common in rhetorical schools, individual teachers would attract a circle of pupils. These teachers would present compositions to their students both to serve as models as well as for their feedback while students would present their speeches to the master for criticism.^[9] Apart from rhetoric, the other subjects taught at the school were law, grammar, logic and philosophy and possibly Latin which could have been useful for the further study of law in Beirut. It seems that the public funded the chairs of Procopius and Choricius.^[5]

Interactions within Gazan society

The members of the school were also in close contact with the many monastic communities in the Gaza region.^[6] Thus Aeneas of Gaza consulted Abba Isaiah the Solitary on the philosophical writings of Plato, Aristotle and Plontius,^[10] while the ascetic education of monastic figures such as Dorotheus of Gaza were influenced by the intellectual environment in Gaza stimulated by the members of the school.^[11] Eric Wheeler suggests that Procopius was the teacher of Dorotheus and that Procopius is the unnamed sophist mentioned in Dorotheus' Discourse 2.36.^[8]

Not much is known about the composition of the disciples of the school of Gaza, however it is likely that it included apart from Gazans also students from wider Palestine, Jews and Ghassanid Arabs.^[5]^[9]

Impact

Historian Nur Masalha argues that the Rhetorical School at Gaza helped turn Byzantine Palaestina into "one of the most important centres of learning and intellectual activity in Late Antiquity," even eclipsing other major cities in the Mediterranean region, namely Athens and Alexandria.^[12] He writes that the "soft power" represented by the school and the contemporary Library of Caesarea-Palaestina afforded Palestine a degree of local autonomy in the Byzantine era.^[12]

Members

Aeneas of Gaza, Neo-platonic philosopher (c. 450-518)
Choricius of Gaza, sophist and rhetorician (fl. 520)
John of Gaza, grammarian and poet (fl. 525)
Marcianus of Gaza, bishop of Gaza (fl. 536)
Procopius of Gaza, sophist and rhetorician (465–528)
Procopius of Caesarea (uncertain), scholar and historian (c. 500-565)
Timotheus of Gaza (uncertain), grammarian (fl. 512)
Zacharias Rhetor, bishop and ecclesiastic historian (died before 553)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Webb, Ruth (2018). "Gaza, schools and rhetoric at". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
^ Cribiore, Raffaella (2018). "education and schools, Greek". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
^ Vikan, Gary; Kazhdan, Alexander; Ma῾oz, Zvi 'Uri (1991). "Gaza". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 825. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
^ ^a ^b Penella, Robert J. (2020-05-01). "The rhetorical works of the school of Gaza". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 113 (1): 111–174. doi:10.1515/bz-2020-0007. ISSN 1868-9027. S2CID 218666761.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Masalha, Nur (24 February 2022). Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 81–88. ISBN 978-0-7556-4296-0. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Glanville Downey (15 May 2017). "The Christian Schools of Palestine: A Chapter in Literary History". In Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.). Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Greek. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-92323-1. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ Cribiore, Raffaella (2018). "letters and letter writing, Greek". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 899–900. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
^ ^a ^b Westberg, David (2017). "The Letter Collection of Procopius of Gaza". In Sogno, Christiana; Storin, Bradley K.; Watts, Edward J. (eds.). Late antique letter collections: a critical introduction and reference guide (1. paperback print ed.). Oakland, Calif: Univers. of Calif. Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780520281448. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Hidary, Richard (2018). Rabbis and classical rhetoric: sophistic education and oratory in the Talmud and Midrash. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7, 79, 82. ISBN 978-1-107-17740-6. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Aryeh (February 2006). The Monastic School of Gaza. Brill. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 9789047408444. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ Champion, Michael (2022). Dorotheus of Gaza and ascetic education (First ed.). Oxford New York (N.Y.): Oxford university press. p. 16. ISBN 9780198869269. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Masalha, Nur (2018). Palestine : a four thousand year history. London. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-78699-272-7. OCLC 1046449706.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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[:0-1] Webb, Ruth (2018). "Gaza, schools and rhetoric at". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.

[2] Cribiore, Raffaella (2018). "education and schools, Greek". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.

[3] Vikan, Gary; Kazhdan, Alexander; Ma῾oz, Zvi 'Uri (1991). "Gaza". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 825. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

[Penella-4] Penella, Robert J. (2020-05-01). "The rhetorical works of the school of Gaza". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 113 (1): 111–174. doi:10.1515/bz-2020-0007. ISSN 1868-9027. S2CID 218666761.

[Masalha-5] Masalha, Nur (24 February 2022). Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 81–88. ISBN 978-0-7556-4296-0. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

[Glanville-6] Glanville Downey (15 May 2017). "The Christian Schools of Palestine: A Chapter in Literary History". In Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.). Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Greek. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-92323-1. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

[7] Cribiore, Raffaella (2018). "letters and letter writing, Greek". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 899–900. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.

[Westberg-8] Westberg, David (2017). "The Letter Collection of Procopius of Gaza". In Sogno, Christiana; Storin, Bradley K.; Watts, Edward J. (eds.). Late antique letter collections: a critical introduction and reference guide (1. paperback print ed.). Oakland, Calif: Univers. of Calif. Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780520281448. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

[Hidary-9] Hidary, Richard (2018). Rabbis and classical rhetoric: sophistic education and oratory in the Talmud and Midrash. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7, 79, 82. ISBN 978-1-107-17740-6. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

[BittonKofsky-10] Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Aryeh (February 2006). The Monastic School of Gaza. Brill. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 9789047408444. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

[Champion-11] Champion, Michael (2022). Dorotheus of Gaza and ascetic education (First ed.). Oxford New York (N.Y.): Oxford university press. p. 16. ISBN 9780198869269. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

[:1-12] Masalha, Nur (2018). Palestine : a four thousand year history. London. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-78699-272-7. OCLC 1046449706.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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