Sergio Mattarella
Sergio Mattarella | |
---|---|
![]() Official portrait, 2022 | |
President of Italy | |
Assumed office 3 February 2015 | |
Prime Minister | Matteo Renzi Paolo Gentiloni Giuseppe Conte Mario Draghi Giorgia Meloni |
Preceded by | Giorgio Napolitano |
Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy | |
In office 11 October 2011 – 2 February 2015 | |
Appointed by | Italian Parliament |
Preceded by | Ugo De Siervo |
Succeeded by | Augusto Antonio Barbera |
Minister of Defence | |
In office 22 December 1999 – 11 June 2001 | |
Prime Minister | Massimo D'Alema Giuliano Amato |
Preceded by | Carlo Scognamiglio |
Succeeded by | Antonio Martino |
Deputy Prime Minister of Italy | |
In office 21 October 1998 – 22 December 1999 | |
Prime Minister | Massimo D'Alema |
Preceded by | Walter Veltroni |
Succeeded by | Gianfranco Fini |
Minister of Public Education | |
In office 23 July 1989 – 27 July 1990 | |
Prime Minister | Giulio Andreotti |
Preceded by | Giovanni Galloni |
Succeeded by | Gerardo Bianco |
Minister for Parliamentary Relations | |
In office 29 July 1987 – 23 July 1989 | |
Prime Minister | Giovanni Goria Ciriaco De Mita |
Preceded by | Gaetano Gifuni |
Succeeded by | Egidio Sterpa |
Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 12 July 1983 – 28 April 2008 | |
Constituency | See list
|
Personal details | |
Born | Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of Italy | 23 July 1941
Political party | Independent (since 2009) |
Other political affiliations | DC (before 1994) PPI (1994–2002) The Daisy (2002–2007) PD (2007–2009) |
Spouse | Marisa Chiazzese (m. 1966; died 2012) |
Children | 3, including Laura |
Parents |
|
Relatives | Piersanti Mattarella (brother) |
Residence | Quirinal Palace |
Alma mater | Sapienza University of Rome |
Signature | ![]() |
Sergio Mattarella OMRI OMCA (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛrdʒo mattaˈrɛlla]; born 23 July 1941) is an Italian politician, statesman, jurist, academic, and lawyer who is currently serving as the 12th president of Italy since 2015. He is the longest-serving president in the history of the Italian Republic. Since Giorgio Napolitano's death in 2023, Mattarella has been the only living Italian president.[1]
A Catholic leftist politician, Mattarella was a leading member of the Christian Democracy party from the early 1980s until its dissolution. He served as Minister for Parliamentary Relations from 1987 to 1989, and Minister of Education from 1989 to 1990. In 1994, Mattarella was among the founders of the Italian People's Party (PPI), serving as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy from 1998 to 1999, and Minister of Defence from 1999 to 2001. He joined The Daisy in 2002 and was one of the founders of the Democratic Party (PD) in 2007, leaving it when he retired from politics in 2008. He also served as a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy from 2011 to 2015.[2]
On 31 January 2015, Mattarella was elected to the presidency on the fourth ballot, supported by the centre-left coalition majority led by the PD and centrist parties.[3] Despite having initially ruled out a second term,[4][5] he was re-elected on 29 January 2022, becoming the second Italian president to be re-elected, the first being Napolitano.[6] As of 2024, five prime ministers have served under his presidency, among them Matteo Renzi, then the PD's leader and main sponsor of his presidential candidacy,[7] Paolo Gentiloni, a leading member of the PD who succeeded Renzi after his resignation in 2016,[8] Giuseppe Conte, at that time an independent politician who governed both with right-wing and left-wing coalitions in two consecutive cabinets,[9] Mario Draghi, a banker and former president of the European Central Bank, who was appointed by Mattarella to lead a national unity government following Conte's resignation,[10] and Giorgia Meloni, Italy's first ever female prime minister and leader of the right-wing coalition which won the general election in September 2022.[11]
During his long-time tenure, Italy faced the aftermath of the Great Recession, as well as the severe European migrant crisis, which deeply marked Italian political, economic and social life, bringing to the rise of populist parties.[12] Moreover, in 2020, Italy became one of the countries worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, being the first country in the Western world to implement a national lockdown to stop the spread of the disease.[13][14] Like his predecessor Napolitano, Mattarella has been accused of wielding the largely ceremonial role of head of state in an executive manner; his successful opposition to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finance led to a constitutional crisis and threats of impeachment,[15] and he has twice intervened in government formations by appointing his own candidates for prime minister (Gentiloni in 2016 and Draghi in 2021) in lieu of calling new elections.[16][17]
Early life
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bernardo_e_Sergio_Mattarella.jpg/220px-Bernardo_e_Sergio_Mattarella.jpg)
Mattarella was born in Palermo on 23 July 1941 into a prominent Sicilian family. His father Bernardo Mattarella was an anti-fascist who, alongside Alcide De Gasperi and other Catholic politicians, founded Christian Democracy (DC), which dominated the Italian political scene for almost fifty years, with Bernardo serving as a minister several times. Bernardo Mattarella has also been accused of being associated with the Sicilian Mafia; however, accusations were always rejected in court.[18][19] His mother Maria Buccellato came from an upper-middle-class family of Trapani.[20][21]
During his youth, Mattarella moved to Rome due to his father's commitments to politics. In Rome, he became a member of Azione Cattolica (AC), a large Catholic lay association, of which he became the regional chairman for Lazio from 1961 to 1964.[22] After attending Istituto San Leone Magno, a classical lyceum (liceo classico) in Rome,[23] he studied law at the Sapienza University of Rome, where he joined the Italian Catholic Federation of University Students (FUCI).[24]
In 1964, Mattarella graduated with merit with the thesis The Function of Political Direction.[25] In 1967, he became a lawyer in Palermo, becoming particularly involved in administrative law.[26] After a few years, Mattarella started teaching parliamentary procedure at the University of Palermo, where he remained until 1983. His academic activity and publications during this period mainly concerned constitutional law topics, the intervention of Sicilian government in economy, bicameralism, legislative procedure, expropriation allowance, evolution of the Sicilian regional administration, and controls on local authorities.[27]
In 1966, Mattarella married Marisa Chiazzese, daughter of Lauro Chiazzese, former rector of the University of Palermo, with whom he had three children: Laura, Francesco, and Bernardo.[28] On 6 January 1980, his older brother Piersanti Mattarella, who was also a DC politician and president of Sicily since 1978, was killed by the Sicilian Mafia in Palermo.[29] This event deeply changed Mattarella's life, and he left his academic career to enter politics.[30]
Political career
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sergio_Mattarella_1983.jpg/180px-Sergio_Mattarella_1983.jpg)
| ||
---|---|---|
Cabinets ![]() | ||
One of the first important positions that Mattarella held was the head of the board of arbitrators of the DC, quickly reconstituted at the end of 1981 following the Propaganda Due scandal and the establishment of the related parliamentary commission of inquiry, chaired by Tina Anselmi. The internal body of the party had been charged with identifying the militants registered in the Masonic lodge of Licio Gelli to expel or suspend them, having violated the statute of the party that prohibited registration to Masonic lodges.[31] Mattarella's parliamentary career began in 1983, when he was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies with nearly 120,000 votes in the constituency of Palermo.[32] As a deputy, Mattarella joined the left-leaning faction of the DC known as morotei. The faction, close to Aldo Moro,[33] supported an agreement with the Italian Communist Party (PCI) led by Enrico Berlinguer, the so-called Historic Compromise; his brother Piersanti Mattarella also supported it.[34][35]
In 1982, Cosa Nostra killed the PCI regional secretary Pio La Torre and the prefect of Palermo Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa. These tragic events shook the credibility of the regional political system dominated by DC. In the following year, Mattarella was entrusted by Ciriaco De Mita, the DC secretary, to "clean up" the Sicilian branch of the party from Mafia control, at a time when mafia made men like Salvo Lima and Vito Ciancimino were powerful political figures in the region.[36] In 1985, he helped the young lawyer Leoluca Orlando, who had worked alongside his brother Piersanti during his governorship of Sicily, to become the new mayor of Palermo; the two men set out to break the Mafia's hold on the island, transferring budget authority from the corrupt regional government back to the cities and passing a law enforcing the same building standards used in the rest of Italy, thereby making the Mafia's building schemes illegal.[37] In 1987, Mattarella was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies with more than 143,000 votes,[38] remaining close to the left-leaning faction of the party as well as to its secretary De Mita.[39]
Minister and lawmaker
[edit]On 29 July 1987, Mattarella was appointed Italian Minister for Parliamentary Relations in the government led by the DC prime minister Giovanni Goria.[40] The government lasted until April 1988, when De Mita was sworn in as new prime minister; however, Mattarella was confirmed as minister.[41]
In March 1989, a maxi-competition for professorships was held for the secondary school. Mattarella reorganized also the teaching programs of two-year high schools, completing the first steps of the so-called "Brocca project", the educational system's revision program, undertaken under his predecessor Giovanni Galloni in 1988.[42] Mattarella also oversaw the overall reform of the elementary school, which made the three teachers' module on two classes universal on 23 May 1990, leading to the overcoming of the traditional single teacher.[43]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sergio_Mattarella_1994.jpg/160px-Sergio_Mattarella_1994.jpg)
On 23 July 1989, Mattarella became Italian Minister of Education in the sixth cabinet of Giulio Andreotti.[44] In January 1990, Mattarella led the first National School Conference, which discussed the renewal of the educational system and addressed the issue of school autonomy.[45] At the end of June 1990, the so-called "anti-drug law" was approved, which mandated health education to schools; the combination of the education system and preventive measures, not only in health matters, was part of the programmatic lines that the minister had drawn. On 27 July 1990, Mattarella resigned from his position, together with other ministers, upon the Italian Parliament's passing in 1990 of the Mammì Act, liberalising the media in Italy, which they saw as a favour to the media magnate Berlusconi.[46]
In 1990, Mattarella was elected deputy secretary of the DC. He left the post two years later to become director of Il Popolo, the official newspaper of the party.[46] Following the 1993 Italian referendum, he drafted the new electoral law nicknamed Mattarellum.[47] The electoral law consisted in a parallel voting system, which act as a mixed system, with 75% of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post electoral system and 25% using proportional representation, with one round of voting.[48][49]
During those years in the early 1990s, the whole Italian political system was shocked by the Tangentopoli corruption scandal;[50] Mattarella was not directly involved in the scandal. In August 1993, he was among the recipients of an investigation's notification that followed the statements of a Sicilian real estate entrepreneur, who accused him. Mattarella resigned from all his posts and was thanked by Mino Martinazzoli, the then DC leader, who expressed his support to him. Martinazzoli's statement was publicly criticized by Francesco Cossiga because it was in contrast with what was done for other politicians involved in the scandal. Mattarella was later acquitted of the charge.[51]
Minister within the centre-left
[edit]Mattarella was one of the protagonists of the renewal of the DC after Tangentopoli that would lead in January 1994 to the foundation of the Italian People's Party (PPI).[46] In the ensuing 1994 Italian general election, in which the newly founded PPI fared poorly, Mattarella was again elected to the Chamber of Deputies.[52] He soon found himself engaged in an internal dispute after the election of new party leader Rocco Buttiglione, who wished to steer the PPI towards an electoral alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI).[46] Following Buttiglione's appointment, Mattarella resigned as director of Il Popolo in opposition to this policy.[53] In a 20 July 1994 interview with l'Unità, Mattarella considered the new political proposal that was taking shape for a new centre-left coalition interesting, "especially for those who are very nostalgic for Aldo Moro's political strategy."[54] In 1995, at the height of the internal conflict within the PPI, he addressed Buttiglione, who was stubbornly seeking an alliance with the political right, as "el general coup leader Roquito Butillone" and defined "an irrational nightmare" the hypothesis that Berlusconi's FI could be accepted into the European People's Party.[55]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Sniffin%2C_William_S._Cohen_and_Sergio_Mattarella_-_March_2000.jpg/220px-Charles_Sniffin%2C_William_S._Cohen_and_Sergio_Mattarella_-_March_2000.jpg)
Mattarella was one of the first supporters of the economist Romano Prodi at the head of the centre-left coalition known as The Olive Tree in the 1996 Italian general election. After the electoral victory of the centre-left, Mattarella served as leader of the PPI's parliamentary group.[56] Two years later, when the Prodi I Cabinet fell, Mattarella was appointed by Massimo D'Alema as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy with responsibility for the secret services, which he tried to reform. The reform of the secret services proposed by Mattarella collected the indications provided by the Jucci Commission, which had worked extensively on the subject, and aimed at strengthening the political control of the services by the prime minister of Italy, in coordination with the Digis (Government Department of Security Information), by removing power from the Interior Ministry and Defense.[57] It was the basis for the 2007 reform of the secret services.[58]
In December 1999, Mattarella was appointed Italian Minister of Defence in the D'Alema II Cabinet. As Minister of Defence, he supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia against the Serbian president Slobodan Milošević; he also approved a reform of the Italian Armed Forces which abolished conscription. After the resignation of D'Alema in 2000, Mattarella kept his position as Minister of Defence in the Amato II Cabinet.[46]
In October 2000, the PPI joined with other centrist parties to form an alliance called The Daisy (DL), later to merge into a single party in March 2002. Mattarella was re-elected to the Italian Parliament in the 2001 and 2006 general elections, standing as a candidate for The Daisy in two successive centre-left coalitions: The Olive Tree and The Union (L'Unione).[52] In 2007, Mattarella was one of the founders of the Democratic Party (PD), a big tent centre-left party formed from a merger of left-wing and centrist parties which had been part of The Olive Tree, including The Daisy and the Democrats of the Left (heirs of the PCI).[46]
On 5 October 2011, Mattarella was elected by the Italian Parliament with 572 votes to be a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy. He was sworn in on 11 October 2011 and served until he was sworn in as President of the Italian Republic in January 2015.[59][52]
Presidency (2015–present)
[edit]First term (2015–2022)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Presidente_Sergio_Mattarella.jpg/170px-Presidente_Sergio_Mattarella.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oath_of_Mattarella_2.jpg/220px-Oath_of_Mattarella_2.jpg)
On 31 January 2015, Mattarella was elected the president of Italy at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the Democratic Party (PD), New Centre-Right, Civic Choice, Union of the Centre, and Left Ecology Freedom.[60][61] Mattarella was officially endorsed by the PD after his name was put forward by Matteo Renzi, the prime minister of Italy at the time.[62] He replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for 8 years and 244 days, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic; since Napolitano had resigned on 14 January, Senate president Pietro Grasso was the Acting President at the time of Mattarella's inauguration on 3 February. Mattarella's first statement as new president was thusly: "My thoughts go first and especially to the difficulties and hopes of our fellow citizens."[63][64][65]
Mattarella's first presidential visit was on the day of his election, when he visited the Fosse Ardeatine, where during World War II in 1944 the German Nazi occupation troops killed 335 people as a reprisal for an Italian resistance movement attack. Mattarella stated that "Europe and the world must be united to defeat whoever wants to drag us into a new age of terror".[66]
On 16 February 2015, Mattarella appointed Ugo Zampetti as Secretary-General to the Presidency of the Republic, the head of the presidential secretariat.[67] While three days before, on 13 February, the President appointed Giovanni Grasso as his special counselor for press and communication.[68] As of 2023, Zampetti, a civil servant with a long-time experience within Italian politics, and Grasso, a journalist and writer, are still holding their posts.[69]
On 6 May, he signed the new Italian electoral law, known as Italicum, which provides for a two-round system based on party-list proportional representation, corrected by a majority bonus and a 3% election threshold. Candidates run for election in 100 multi-member constituencies with open lists, except for a single candidate chosen by each party who is the first to be elected.[70]
Relationships with Freemasonry
[edit]On 15 April 2016, Mattarella received the members of the Trilateral Commission at the Quirinal Palace.[71]
In April 2017, on the occasion of the annual meeting of the Grand Orient of Italy held in Rimini, via the First Secretary General of the Presidency of the Republic, Ugo Zampetti, Mattarella expressed his best wishes to all the participants of the 2017 Grand Lodge, replying to Grand Master Stefano Bisi with a telegram.[72]
2016 political crisis
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Renzi_Mattarella_2.jpeg/220px-Renzi_Mattarella_2.jpeg)
On 4 December 2016, a constitutional referendum was held in Italy.[73][74] Voters were asked whether they approve a constitutional law that amends the Constitution of Italy to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament of Italy, as well as the division of powers between the state, the regions, and administrative entities.[75][76] The bill, put forward by then-Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, and his centre-left Democratic Party, was first introduced by the government in the Senate on 8 April 2014. After several amendments were made to the proposed law by both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, the bill received its first approval on 13 October 2015 (Senate) and 11 January 2016 (Chamber of Deputies), and its second and final approval on 20 January (Senate) and 12 April (Chamber of Deputies).[77]
In accordance with Article 138 of the Constitution of Italy, a referendum was called after the formal request of more than one-fifth of the members of both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies,[78] since the constitutional law had not been approved by a qualified majority of two-thirds in each house of parliament in the second vote.[79] 59.11% of voters voted against the constitutional reform, meaning it did not come into effect.[80] This was the third constitutional referendum in the history of the Italian Republic; the other two were in 2001, in which the amending law was approved, and in 2006, in which it was rejected.[81]
Following the defeat, Prime Minister Renzi resigned. On 11 December, Mattarella appointed the incumbent Minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni as new head of the government.[82] Gentiloni led a government composed by PD, NCD, and other minor centrist parties, the same majority of Renzi's.[83] According to many political analysts and commentators, the appointment of Gentiloni caused tensions between Mattarella and Renzi, who asked the president to dissolve the parliament and call for a snap election in 2017.[84] This version was later confirmed by Renzi during a press conference following the 2018 general election, in which he stated it was an error not to vote in 2017.[85]
2018 general election and government formation
[edit]The March 2018 election resulted in a hung parliament, with no coalitions able to form a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The election was seen as a backlash against the Establishment with the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League becoming the two largest parties in the Parliament.[86][87]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gentiloni_dimissioni.jpg/220px-Gentiloni_dimissioni.jpg)
After the election's results were known, Luigi Di Maio, leader of the M5S, and Matteo Salvini, secretary of the League, each urged that Mattarella should give him the task of forming a new cabinet because he led the largest party or coalition, respectively.[88] On 5 March, Matteo Renzi declared the PD to be in the opposition during this legislature and resigned as party leader when a new cabinet was formed.[89] On 6 March, Salvini repeated his campaign message that his party would refuse any coalition with the M5S.[90] On 14 March, Salvini offered to govern with the M5S, imposing the condition that League ally Forza Italia (FI), led by former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, must also take part in any coalition. Di Maio rejected this proposal on the grounds that Salvini was "choosing restoration instead of revolution" because "Berlusconi represents the past".[91] Moreover, Alessandro Di Battista, a prominent M5S leader, denied any possibility of an alliance with FI, describing Berlusconi as the "pure evil of our country".[92]
The consultations between Mattarella and the major political parties in Italy on 4 and 5 April failed to result in a candidate for the prime minister, forcing Mattarella to hold another round of consultation between 11 and 12 April.[93]
On 18 April, Mattarella tasked the President of the Senate Elisabetta Casellati with trying to reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the M5S in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government;[94][95] however, she failed to find a solution to the conflicts between the two groups, especially between FI and the M5S.[96][97] On 23 April, after Casellati's failure, Mattarella gave an exploratory mandate to the President of the Chamber of Deputies Roberto Fico to try to create a political agreement between the Democratic Party (PD) and the M5S.[98][99][100] On 30 April, following an interview of Renzi, the PD's former leader, in which he expressed his strong opposition to an alliance with the M5S, Di Maio called for new elections.[101][102][103]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sergio_Mattarella_Carlo_Cottarelli.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_Carlo_Cottarelli.jpg)
On 7 May, Mattarella held a third round of government formation talks, after which he formally confirmed the lack of any possible majority (the M5S rejecting an alliance with the centre-right coalition, the PD rejecting an alliance with both M5S and the centre-right coalition, and the League's Salvini refusing to form a government with M5S unless it included Berlusconi's FI, whose presence in the government was explicitly vetoed by the M5S's leader Di Maio); as a result, he stated his intention to soon appoint a "neutral government" (ignoring the M5S and the League's refusal to support such an option) to take over from the Gentiloni Cabinet, which was considered unable to lead Italy into a second consecutive election, as it represented a majority from a past legislature, and suggested an early election in July, which would be the first summer general election in Italy, as an option in light of the ongoing deadlock.[104] The League and the M5S agreed to hold new elections on 8 July, an option that was rejected by all other parties.[105][106][107]
On 9 May, after a day of rumours, the M5S and the League officially asked Mattarella to give them 24 more hours to strike a coalition agreement between the two parties.[108] Later that same day, Berlusconi stated that FI would not support an M5S–League government on a vote of confidence but would maintain the centre-right alliance, opening the door to a possible majority government between the two parties.[109] On 13 May, the M5S and League reached an agreement in principle on a government program, clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties, but could not agree regarding the members of a government cabinet, most importantly the prime minister. The M5S and League leaders met with Mattarella on 14 May to guide the formation of a new government.[110] At their meeting with Mattarella, both parties asked for an additional week of negotiations to agree on a detailed government program, as well as a prime minister to lead the joint government.[111][112] Both the M5S and the League asked their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the weekend.[113]
On 21 May, a private law professor, Giuseppe Conte, was proposed by Di Maio and Salvini for the role of Prime Minister of Italy.[114][115][116] Despite reports in the Italian press suggesting that Mattarella still had significant reservations about the direction of the new government,[117] Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace on 23 May to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet.[118][119] In the traditional statement after the appointment, Conte said that he would be the "defense lawyer of Italian people".[120]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sergio_Mattarella_and_Giuseppe_Conte.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_and_Giuseppe_Conte.jpg)
On 27 May, Conte renounced his mandate due to conflicts between Salvini and Mattarella. Salvini had proposed university professor Paolo Savona as Italian Minister of Economy and Finances, but Mattarella strongly opposed the appointment, considering Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German.[121] In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that the two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the eurozone and that, as the guarantor of the Italian constitution and the country's interest and stability, he could not allow this. Mattarella subsequently gave economist Carlo Cottarelli the presidential mandate to form a new government.[122][123][124]
Mattarella's decision prompted furious reactions from the M5S, who called for Mattarella's impeachment, a move also supported by opposition party Brothers of Italy.[125] The League did not support this action.[126] Calls for impeachment were strongly criticized by Italian and international press. Luciano Fontana (editor of Corriere della Sera) defended Mattarella and said that "Di Maio and Salvini are responsible for this crisis", while Mario Calabresi (editor of la Repubblica) dismissed impeachment proposals as "delirious", and La Stampa called Di Maio and Meloni's proposal "extremely irresponsible".[127] HuffPost editor Lucia Annunziata dismissed Di Maio and Salvini as "liars",[128] while news magazine L'Espresso called them "subversive", and Le Monde praised Mattarella as an "intransigent guardian of the Constitution".[129] The president was also defended by The Guardian, Libération, and Der Spiegel.[130] German business newspaper Handelsblatt titled "Forza Mattarella!" ("Go Mattarella!")[131] Marco Travaglio and Maurizio Belpietro (editors of Il Fatto Quotidiano and La Verità) criticized Mattarella's move as an abuse but recognized that it was not sufficient to start an impeachment procedure.[132][133] After a few days, the M5S and the League agreed not to propose Savona as finance minister; on 31 May, Conte received again the presidential mandate to form the new cabinet.[134] The new government was sworn in on 1 June.[135]
Political crises of 2019 and 2021
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sergio_Mattarella_in_2019.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_in_2019.jpg)
In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Salvini launched a motion of no confidence against Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.[136] Many political analysts believe the no-confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve Lega's standing in the Italian Parliament, ensuring that Salvini would become the next prime minister.[137] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which Conte accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[138] the prime minister resigned his post to President Mattarella.[139] On the following day, Mattarella started the consultations with parliamentary groups.[140]
During the round of consultations between Mattarella and the parliamentary groups, a possible new majority emerged, between the M5S and the Democratic Party (PD).[141] On 28 August, the PD's leader Nicola Zingaretti favored keeping Conte at the head of the new government.[142] On the following day, Mattarella received Conte to give him the task of forming a new cabinet.[143] On 4 September, Conte introduced his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day.[144] On 9 September 2019, the Chamber of Deputies expressed its confidence in the government with 343 votes in favour, 263 against, and 3 abstentions.[145][146] On 10 September 2019, in the second vote of confidence in the Senate, 169 lawmakers voted in favour of the new government and 133 voted against.[147]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mattarella_Draghi_Quirinale_2021.jpg/220px-Mattarella_Draghi_Quirinale_2021.jpg)
In January 2021, Matteo Renzi, former prime minister and leader of Italia Viva (IV), who split from the PD in 2019, revoked his party's support to the government of Conte, who did not resign immediately.[148] On 18 and 19 January, Renzi's party abstained and the government won the key confidence votes in the Chamber and in the Senate but failed in reaching an absolute majority in the Senate.[149] On 26 January, Prime Minister Conte resigned from his office, prompting President Mattarella to start consultations for the formation of a new government.[150]
In February, when the consultations for the formation of a Conte's third government failed, Mattarella gave Mario Draghi, former president of the European Central Bank, the task of forming a government of national unity.[151][152][153] On 3 February, Draghi accepted with reservation the task of forming a new cabinet and started the consultations with the presidents of the two houses.[154]
After successful negotiations with parties including FI, the League, the M5S, and the PD, Draghi was sworn in as the prime minister on 13 February,[155] pledging to oversee effective implementation of COVID-19 economic stimulus.[156] Draghi's government has been described as both a national unity government[157] and "president's government", a cabinet sponsored by and implemented by Mattarella.[158]
COVID-19 pandemic
[edit]During Mattarella's presidency, Italy was hit by a major outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2020, Italy became one of the countries with the highest number of confirmed cases of COVID-19.[159] As of January 2024[update], there have been more than 26 million COVID-19 cases confirmed and more than 195,000 deaths; the pandemic mainly started in Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Veneto[160] but then spread through the whole country.[161][162]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mattarella_25_Aprile_2020_2.jpg/220px-Mattarella_25_Aprile_2020_2.jpg)
On 22 February, the Council of Ministers introduced a bill to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, quarantining more than 50,000 people from 11 different municipalities in Northern Italy. After few days, schools and universities closed in the whole country.[163] On 8 March, the Italian government extended the quarantine to the entire region of Lombardy and 14 other northern provinces, putting more than a quarter of the national population under pandemic lockdown.[164] On the following day, the government extended the quarantine measures previously applied only in the so-called "red zones" to the whole country, putting de facto 60 million people in lockdown.[165][166] At the time of its application,[167] this measure was described as the largest lockdown in human history.[168][169][170] On 18 May, the lockdown officially ended and the government allowed the re-openings of bars, restaurants, barbers and gyms.[171] The possibility to travel between different regions was restored on 3 June.[172]
Starting from July, many countries in Europe, including Italy, witnessed a new rise in detected COVID-19 cases.[173][174] On 7 October, the parliament postponed the end of the state of emergency to 31 January 2021, and Prime Minister Conte imposed the use of protection mask outdoors.[175] On 13 October 2020, the Italian government reintroduced stricter rules to limit the spread of COVID-19.[176] Demonstrations and gatherings of people were strictly forbidden.[177] Regions and municipalities were given the power to only tighten but not release containment measures.[178] On 25 October, the government introduced new restrictions, imposing the closing of gyms, swimming pools, theatres, and cinemas, as well as the closing of bars and restaurants by 6 pm.[179] Restrictions were later confirmed until April 2021 by the new government led by Mario Draghi.[180]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sergio_Mattarella_in_December_2021.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_in_December_2021.jpg)
On 15 March 2021, Prime Minister Draghi placed the majority of Italy under so-called "full lockdown" conditions, with non-essential businesses closing and travel restricted, in response to an increase in the transmission of COVID-19; unlike the 2020 lockdown, factories and some other workplaces were allowed to remain open. Draghi vowed that Italy would see its vaccination programme triple in April, reaching 500,000 people per day by that time.[181]
In June 2021, the more contagious SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant became predominant in Italy.[182][183][184] In August 2021, the government extended the requirement of the EU Digital COVID Certificate, also known as Green Pass, to the participation in sports events and music festivals but also to the access to indoor places like bars, restaurants and gyms, as well as to long-distance public transportation, in an attempt to contain the spread of new variants.[185] On 15 October, Italy became the first country in the world to establish a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination certificate for the entire work force, public, and private.[186]
On 31 December, during what was anticipated to be his last speech to the nation as president and within a dramatic increasing in COVID-19 cases, Mattarella thanked all the Italians who got vaccinated, stressing that "wasting vaccines was an offense to anyone who didn't have them".[187] Mattarella also stated that during his seven-year term he never felt alone, thanking Italians to have shown "the best face of the country".[188]
Second term (2022–present)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mattarella_Draghi_2022.jpg/220px-Mattarella_Draghi_2022.jpg)
During 2021, despite high popularity amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy,[189][190][191] President Mattarella refused to run for a second term despite various political forces asking him to do so, recalling similar remarks made by his predecessors Antonio Segni and Giovanni Leone.[192][193] Despite his firm denial, Mattarella received several votes in the ballots, notably reaching 336 votes in the sixth ballot and 387 in the seventh one, even if no major party or coalition formally supported him as a candidate.[194] On the morning of 29 January, after all other possible candidacies failed and the two major coalitions could not agree on a shared candidate, the re-election of incumbent president Mattarella became a serious alternative.[195][196] On the same day, Mattarella agreed to serve a second term,[197] and was re-elected with 759 votes,[198] as most party leaders and Prime Minister Mario Draghi asked him to accept their joint nomination for another term.[199][200][201]
On 3 February, President Mattarella was sworn in for his second term in front of a joint assembly of the parliament. He called for unity, saying: "We still need to work together to strengthen Italy, beyond the current difficulties." He also commented on the Russo-Ukrainian crisis, stating: "We cannot accept that now, without even the pretext of competition between different political and economic systems, the winds of confrontation are once again blowing across a continent that has experienced the tragedies of the First and Second World Wars."[202] Mattarella added: "We must appeal to our resources and those of allied and friendly countries so that the displays of strength give way to mutual understanding so that no people should fear aggression from their neighbours."[203] Following the invasion of the country, Mattarella strongly condemned Vladimir Putin's decision to attack Ukraine, describing the invasion as a "brutal war"[204] and a "nineteenth-century-like attack that evoked frightening scenarios, with humanity as the protagonist of its own ruin".[205]
2022 government crisis
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mattarella_Draghi_Scioglimento_Camere_2022.jpg/220px-Mattarella_Draghi_Scioglimento_Camere_2022.jpg)
On 13 July 2022, M5S abstained during the confidence vote on the decreto aiuti (English: aid decree), a bill that introduced stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy crisis.[206][207] On the following day, the M5S left the Senate floor during the voting process, de facto opening a government crisis within the Draghi's cabinet.[208] Following the M5S's abstention, Prime Minister Draghi consulted with President Mattarella about the crisis and, after a few hours, he formally resigned as Prime Minister citing a lack of political trust and confidence within the government's majority.[209] However, Mattarella rejected the resignation because the government had largely won the confidence vote in the Senate and invited the prime minister to address the Parliament, explaining the political situation.[210][211]
On 20 July, the government failed to reach the absolute majority in the confidence vote as Lega, FI and M5S decided not to take part in the ballot, de facto causing the fall of the government.[212][213][214] On the following day, after a speech in front of the Chamber of Deputies, Draghi officially resigned as prime minister.[215] Mattarella accepted his resignation, but Draghi remained in office as caretaker prime minister until the formation of the Meloni government following a snap general election.[216][217] On the same day, Mattarella summoned Draghi, Roberto Fico and Elisabetta Casellati to the Quirinal Palace and then dissolved the Parliament.[218] In a brief speech to the nation, Mattarella stated: "Pauses are not possible at the moment we are going through: energy costs have consequences for families and businesses, economic difficulties must be addressed, there are many obligations to be closed in the interest of Italy."[219]
2022 general election and government formation
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/100th_anniversary_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_%2815%29.jpg/220px-100th_anniversary_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_%2815%29.jpg)
The 2022 general election, held on 25 September, was characterized by a strong showing of the centre-right coalition led by Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy (FdI), which won an absolute majority of seats in the Italian Parliament.[220] On 20 October, a few days after the elections of the presidents of the two houses of Parliament, Ignazio La Russa of FdI on 13 October for the Senate of the Republic, and Lorenzo Fontana of the League on 14 October for the Chamber of Deputies,[221][222] Mattarella officially launched consultations on the formation of a new cabinet.[223]
On the following day, the centre-right coalition formally proposed Meloni as its candidate to the premiership. In the afternoon, Mattarella summoned Meloni to the Quirinal Palace and gave her the task of forming a new cabinet. The Cabinet was announced on 21 October and was officially sworn in on 22 October.[224][225] It was one of the fastest government formations in the history of the Italian Republic.[226] Meloni became the first woman to serve as Prime Minister of Italy.[227][228]
In February 2023, Mattarella officially asked the government to modify the law regarding beach concessions in Italy, which was considered against both the European law and the opinion of the Italian Council of State.[229] He also criticised the so-called Milleproroghe (English: Thousand extensions), a decree law promoted by the government aimed at resolving urgent provisions by the end of the current year and described by Mattarella as a "mere container of the most different regulatory interventions".[230]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sergio_Mattarella_2_Giugno_2024.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_2_Giugno_2024.jpg)
In February 2024, during a period of students' protests against both the Israel–Hamas war and the policies promoted by Meloni's government, often strongly repressed by the police, Mattarella criticized the use of the force and complained with the interior minister Matteo Piantedosi, stating that "the authority of the police force is not measured by truncheons but by its ability to ensure security while protecting, at the same time, the freedom to express opinions publicly".[231] The president also added that with young people "using truncheons is a failure".[232]
In May 2024, Mattarella invited Italians to vote in the upcoming European election, stating that voting "is a civic duty and a precious opportunity to reflect together on the reasons that animate the life of our community. [...] With other free peoples of the continent we decided to give life to a community of which in a few days we will celebrate its sovereignty through the election of the European Parliament."[233] These words were deeply criticised by the League, especially by senator Claudio Borghi, who asked for the resignation of Mattarella, asserting that Italy must not cede sovereignty to the EU.[234] After a few days, speaking during a Carabinieri ceremony, President Mattarella stated: "due to the historical moment that Italy and Europe are experiencing, we need loyalty to the Republic more than ever."[235]
Personal life and public image
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sergio_Mattarella_Wembley_2021.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_Wembley_2021.jpg)
Mattarella married Marisa Chiazzese, daughter of Lauro Chiazzese, a professor of Roman law and rector of the University of Palermo, in 1966; his brother Piersanti was married to Marisa's sister Irma. Mattarella and his wife have three children:[236][237] Laura (born 1967), Bernardo Giorgio (1968),[238] and Francesco (1973). Marisa Chiazzese died from a tumor in 2012.[236] Their daughter Laura has acted as de facto First Lady,[239] accompanying her father on official trips outside Italy.[240][241] Mattarella is a Roman Catholic.
Best known for its involvement in politics, Mattarella's family has held various national and regional offices spanning across two generations. His father Bernardo was a member of the Constituent Assembly and served as minister in various governments from 1953 until 1966. His brother Piersanti was murdered in 1980 in Sicily by Cosa Nostra while serving as president of the Regional Government of Sicily.[242] Another brother, Antonio, was managing director of the Investment Banking division of Goldman Sachs from 2005 to 2017.[243][244]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mattarella_Amadeus_Morandi_Ferragni.jpg/220px-Mattarella_Amadeus_Morandi_Ferragni.jpg)
Mattarella is an association football fan and a supporter of Inter Milan.[245] As head of state, he attended the UEFA Euro 2020, which included Italy as one of the hosts, and the UEFA Euro 2020 Final at Wembley Stadium on 11 July 2021, which was won by Italy, beating England on penalty kicks following a 1–1 draw after extra time.[246] On the following day, he hosted the national team at the Quirinal Palace to celebrate.[247]
At the end of his first term, Mattarella's approval rating was among the highest ever for an Italian president and the highest among Western world leaders.[248] According to the polling firm Ixè, Mattarella's approval rating in December 2021 was at 77%,[249] while it stood at 66% according to SWG[250] and 65% according to Quorum–YouTrend.[251] In February 2023, one year after his re-election as president, his approval rating was still very high, remaining at 77% according to Ixè and 65% for Quorum–YouTrend.[252][253]
On 7 February 2023, Mattarella became the first president to attend the Sanremo Music Festival.[254]
Electoral history
[edit]Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | Chamber of Deputies | Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta | DC | 119,969 | ![]() | |
1987 | Chamber of Deputies | Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta | DC | 143,935 | ![]() | |
1992 | Chamber of Deputies | Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta | DC | 50,280 | ![]() | |
1994 | Chamber of Deputies | Sicily 1 | PPI | –[a] | ![]() | |
1996 | Chamber of Deputies | Sicily 1 | PPI | –[a] | ![]() | |
2001 | Chamber of Deputies | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | DL | –[a] | ![]() | |
2006 | Chamber of Deputies | Sicily 1 | Ulivo | –[a] | ![]() |
- ^ a b c d Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.
Presidential elections
[edit]2015 presidential election (4th ballot) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Supported by | Votes | % | |
Sergio Mattarella | PD, NCD, SC, UDC, SEL | 665 | 65.9 | |
Ferdinando Imposimato | M5S | 127 | 12.5 | |
Others | 85 | 8.4 | ||
Blank or invalid votes | 118 | 11.6 | ||
Abstentions | 14 | 1.3 | ||
Total | 1,009 | 100.0 |
2022 presidential election (8th ballot) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Supported by | Votes | % | |
Sergio Mattarella | M5S, Lega, PD, FI, IV, CI, LeU, Aut, Az, +Eu | 759 | 75.2 | |
Carlo Nordio | FdI | 90 | 8.92 | |
Nino Di Matteo | Alt | 37 | 3.7 | |
Others | 59 | 5.8 | ||
Blank or invalid votes | 38 | 3.8 | ||
Abstentions | 26 | 2.6 | ||
Total | 1,009 | 100.0 |
Honours
[edit]National honours
[edit]Italy: Head and Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (3 February 2015)[255]
Italy: Head of the Military Order of Italy (3 February 2015)
Italy: Head of the Order of Merit for Labour (3 February 2015)
Italy: Head of the Order of the Star of Italy (3 February 2015)
Italy: Recipient (gold medal) of the Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art (27 December 1991)[256]
Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Red Cross (9 July 2019)[257]
Foreign honours
[edit]Algeria: Collar of the National Order of Merit (6 November 2021)[258]
Angola: Recipient of the Order of Agostinho Neto (25 May 2023)[259][260]
Argentina: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin (8 May 2017)[261]
Armenia: Grand Cross of the Order of Glory (30 July 2018)[262]
Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1 July 2019)
Azerbaijan: Heydar Aliyev Order (18 July 2018)[263]
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (1 December 2021)[264]
Brazil: Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross (15 July 2024)[265]
Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains (12 September 2016)
Cameroon: Grand Cross of the Cameroon Order of Valour (11 March 2016)[266]
Cyprus: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III (26 February 2024)[267]
Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (2 July 2018)[268]
Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (27 September 2017)[269][270]
France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour (5 July 2021)[271]
Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (19 September 2019)[272]
Greece: Grand cross of the Order of the Redeemer (26 November 2015)[273]
Ivory Coast: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (4 April 2024)[274]
Latvia: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars (29 June 2018)[275][276]
Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (5 July 2018)[277]
Malta: Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit (13 September 2017)[278]
Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (4 July 2016)[279]
Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (20 June 2017)[280]
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav (6 April 2016)[281]
Paraguay: Collar of the National Order of Merit (19 January 2023)[282]
Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) (17 April 2023)[283]
Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (6 December 2017)[284]
Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (11 June 2016)[285]
San Marino: Collar of the Order of San Marino (5 October 2021)
Slovenia: Member of the Order for Exceptional Merits (21 October 2021)[286]
South Korea: Recipient of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa (7 October 2023)[287]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (27 October 2016)[288]
Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 November 2021)[289][290]
Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (13 November 2018)[291]
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (as Minister of Defence) (16 October 2000)
Vatican: Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (17 April 2015)[292]
Vatican: Paul VI Prize (29 May 2023)[293]
References
[edit]- ^ "Giorgio Napolitano, former Italian president and first ex-Communist in that post, has died at 98". AP News. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "La biografia del Presidente Sergio Matatrella" (in Italian). Presidency of the Italian Republic. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "L'elezione del Presidente Sergio Mattarella" (in Italian). Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella contro la sua rielezione". Il Post (in Italian). 4 December 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Albanese, Chiara; Rotondi, Flavia (22 November 2021). "Italian President Mattarella Says His Role Will End in Weeks". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella re-elected Italian president for second term" (in Italian). ANSA. 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ Foster, Peter; Squires, Nick; Vogt, Andrea (3 December 2016). "Europe holds its breath as Italy heads to the polls for critical referendum". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
- ^ Rovelli, Michela (11 December 2016). "Governo, Gentiloni accetta l'incarico di governo: 'Un grande onore'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- ^ Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (9 August 2019). "Matteo Salvini calls confidence vote in Italian PM". Politico. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^ "Mario Draghi sworn in as prime minister of Italy". The Guardian. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ Amante, Angelo; Weir, Keith (21 October 2022). "Meloni takes charge as PM as Italy swings to the right". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Statistiche immigrazione". Italian Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016.
- ^ "All of Italy to be placed on coronavirus lockdown". BBC News. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Italy, the first country in Europe to enter lockdown, starts to emerge". The Economist. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Di Maio: chiederemo l'impeachment per Mattarella". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Perché Mattarella ha deciso di convocare Draghi e non andare al voto". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Draghi, ecco cos'è il governo del presidente. Le differenze con quelli tecnici, istituzionali e di scopo". la Repubblica. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Gigante, Lorenzo. "Personaggi Trapanesi – Bernardo Mattarella". Trapani Nostra. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Sicilians and Others; reply by Luigi Barzini, The New York Review of Books, 4 December 1969
- ^ Santoro, Gianpaolo (30 January 2015). "La saga dei Mattarella". Il Napoletano (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Bolignani, Giovanni (2001). Bernardo Mattarella: biografia politica di un cattolico siciliano. Rubbettino Editore. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-88-498-0214-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ "#Quirinale, Mattarella: tutti gli incontri del neo presidente (Foto)" (in Italian). Rai. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Dagli ex popolari agli amici del San Leone il mondo riservato del giudice costituzionale". la Repubblica (in Italian). 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella, Sergio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Discorso di benvenuto del Presidente Alfonso Quaranta al Prof. Sergio Mattarella, Giudice costituzionale" (PDF) (in Italian). Constitutional Court of Italy. 18 October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Ppi e dalemiani vorrebbero Mattarella alla Corte costituzionale" (in Italian). Il Velino. 13 December 1999. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "La biografia del Presidente Sergio Mattarella" (in Italian). Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Marisa Chiazzese: chi era la moglie di Sergio Mattarella". NextQuotidiano (in Italian). 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "The Andreotti Affair: Supergrasses target Andreotti". The Independent. 15 April 1993. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Fotia, Carmine (4 January 2020). "L'omicidio di Piersanti Mattarella spartiacque nella storia italiana". Il manifesto (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "I poteri occulti e la loggia P2 secondo Sergio Mattarella". Internazionale (in Italian). 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Archivio Storico Elezioni – Circoscrizione di Palermo". Eligendo (in Italian). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Le correnti della Democrazia Cristiana". Storia DC (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ De Villemarest, Pierre (2011). Le Kgb au coeur du Vatican (in French). Editions de Paris. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-2-8516-2052-1.
- ^ "Orlando ricorda Piersanti Mattarella ucciso 42 anni fa: 'Se oggi la mafia non governa Palermo, lo si deve anche a lui'". Palermo Today (in Italian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ Messina, Sebastiano (29 January 2015). "Sergio Mattarella: dalla morte di Piersanti al no sulla Mammì, una carriera con la schiena dritta". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Orlando, Leoluca (2001). Fighting the Mafia and Renewing Sicilian Culture. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-893554-22-1. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Elezioni politiche 1987 – Camera dei Deputati: candidati DC del collegio di Palermo-Trapani-Agrigento-Caltanissetta". Elezioni storico (in Italian). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ Da Rold, Alessandro; Sarti, Marco (15 January 2015). "Alessandro Da Rold e Marco Sarti, Mattarella, il siciliano silenzioso che sogna il Colle". Linkiesta (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Governo Goria" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Governo De Mita" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Mattarella, ha legato il suo nome alla storia della scuola" (in Italian). ANSA. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Ministro dell'Istruzione nel 1989: tra i protagonisti della Riforma della scuola elementare". Giornale di Sicilia (in Italian). 31 January 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "VI Governo Andreotti" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Addio al maestro unico, così Mattarella rinnovò la scuola". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 30 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Cedrone, Giovanni (30 January 2015). "Sergio Mattarella, 35 anni di politica all'insegna della riservatezza". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "È il Mattarellum il piano B del governo". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Giannetti, Daniela; Grofman, Bernard (2011). A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4419-7228-6. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ D'Alimonte, Roberto; Chiaramonte, Alessandro (21 May 2018). "The new Italian electoral system and its effects on strategic coordination and disproportionality". Italian Political Science. 13 (1): 8–18. ISSN 2420-8434. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ Koff, Stephen P. (2002). Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-203-00536-1.
- ^ "Mattarella, chi è?". Il Post (in Italian). 29 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "Sergio Mattarella chi è?". Il Post (in Italian). 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ Credazzi, Guido (2 August 1994). "Mancino: non saro' capogruppo, e Mattarella lascia il 'Popolo'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Berlinguer, Enrico (2005). "Introduzione – Berlinguer e l'aporia della democratizzazione italiana". In Vander, Fabio (ed.). Per un nuovo grande compromesso storico (in Italian). Lit edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6826-978-4.
- ^ Stella, Gian Antonio (19 April 2001). "Il difficile trapianto di 'Sergiuzzu' Mattarella". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella: 'Dovere non sottrarmi, le responsabilità prevalgono su attese personali'". Gazzetta del Sud (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Milella, Liliana (1 July 1999). "Ecco la riforma dei servizi segreti". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Colarusso, Gabriella (30 January 2015). "Mattarella, l'uomo che riformò intelligence e abolizione della leva". Lettera43 (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "The Constitutional Court" (in Italian). Constitutional Court of Italy. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Scacchioli, Michela (31 January 2015). "Mattarella eletto al Quirinale con 665 voti. 'Pensiero a difficoltà e speranze dei cittadini'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ Walker, Keith (31 January 2015). "73-year-old Sicilian Sergio Mattarella is Italy's new president". Euronews. Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "PM backs anti-mafia figure for Italy President". Yahoo News UK. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Mattarella: 'Il pensiero va alle difficoltà e alle speranze dei nostri concittadini'". Video Corriere. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ "Italy MPs elect judge Sergio Mattarella as president". BBC. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Italy Elects President, While Mulling a Change in Role". The New York Times. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Saviano, Carmine (31 January 2015). "Mattarella, davanti alla tv con i figli. Poi in Panda e, a sorpresa, va alle Fosse Ardeatine". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ CdM: Ugo Zampetti nominato Segretario generale della Presidenza della Repubblica, Altalex
- ^ Uffici e servizi, Quirinale
- ^ Zampetti, Ugo - Il Segretario generale della Presidenza della Repubblica, Quirinale
- ^ "Italicum, il presidente della Repubblica Mattarella ha firmato la legge elettorale". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 6 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella's speech hold at the Trilateral Commission plenary assemply". Quirinal Palace. 15 April 2016.
- ^ "Gli auguri del Presidente della Repubblica alla Gran Loggia" [Greetings from the President of the Republic to the Grand Lodge] (in Italian). Grand Orient of Italy. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ Negri, Fedra; Rebessi, Elisa (January 2018). "Was Mattarella Worth the Trouble? Explaining the Failure of the 2016 Italian Constitutional Referendum". Italian Political Science Review. 48 (2). Cambridge University Press: 177–196. doi:10.1017/ipo.2017.29. hdl:2434/562060. S2CID 158906172.
- ^ Di Mauro, Danilo; Memoli, Vincenzo (February 2018). "Targeting the Government in the Referendum: The Aborted 2016 Italian Constitutional Reform". Italian Political Science Review. 48 (2). Cambridge University Press: 133–157. doi:10.1017/ipo.2017.31. S2CID 158555880.
- ^ "Scheda / La nuova Costituzione e il nuovo Senato (versione solo testo)". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ "Italiani al voto per il referendum costituzionale". Italian Ministry of the Interior. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ "Camera.it – XVII Legislatura – Lavori – Progetti di legge – Scheda del progetto di legge". Chamber of Deputies. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ "Referendum riforme, depositate le firme di maggioranza e opposizione". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Constitution of the Italian Republic" (PDF). Senate of the Republic. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- ^ "Referendum [Scrutini] (In complesso) – Referendum costituzionale del 4 dicembre 2016 – Ministero dell'Interno". Italian Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "Referendum costituzionale, come funziona e i tre precedenti degli ultimi 18 anni – La scheda". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 18 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ Sala, Alessandro (12 April 2016). "Referendum costituzionale 2016 Il No al 60%, la riforma non passa Renzi: 'Ho perso io, mi dimetto'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ "Paolo Gentiloni, Italian foreign minister, appointed PM". BBC. 11 December 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ "Renzi verso governo di scopo. Delrio: 'Elezioni a primavera'. Huffington: 'Per Mattarella inconcepibili senza leggi elettorali'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 6 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Le dimissioni di Renzi". Today (in Italian). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Populists vie for power after Italy vote". BBC. 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "La possibile alleanza – Governo, verso l'intesa M5S-Lega: ambasciatori a lavoro, ma sulla Camera è impasse". Il Secolo XIX. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Salvini: 'La Lega guiderà governo'. Di Maio: 'Inizia Terza Repubblica'". 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Renzi: 'Lascerò dopo nuovo governo. Pd all'opposizione'. Ma è scontro nel partito: 'Via subito'". 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ Rüb, Matthias (6 March 2018). "Was die Populisten wirklich wollen". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ "Italy's Salvini open to coalition with 5Stars". Politico. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ "Di Battista: 'Berlusconi è il male assoluto del nostro Paese'. Forza Italia: 'Ignobile, M5s lo condanni'". Il Fatto Quotidiano. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ Castelnuovo, Marco (4 May 2018). "Cosa sappiamo dopo il primo giro di consultazioni". Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Casellati set for 'exploratory' mandate". ANSA. 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Italy president taps Berlusconi ally to try to break impasse". AP News. Associated Press. 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Casellati: 'Ci sono spunti'. Ma l'ultimo tentativo fallisce". Il Giornale (in Italian). 21 April 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Italian president makes fresh push to form government". Financial Times. 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ "Mandato a Fico per governo Pd-M5s. Mattarella: 'Ho atteso, ma novità Lega-5 Stelle non sono venute'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Mattarella affida a Fico un mandato esplorativo mirato". Corriere della Sera. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "Italy Picks New Mediator in Search for Government Majority". Bloomberg. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "Fünf-Sterne-Bewegung fordert Neuwahlen". Die Zeit (in German). 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Fünf-Sterne-Bewegung verlangt Neuwahlen". Der Spiegel (in German). 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Ratlosigkeit in Rom: Sind Neuwahlen nötig?". Oberösterreichische Nachrichten (in German). 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Italian president says 'neutral' government should lead until end of year". The Guardian. 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Staatspräsident erklärt Regierungsbildung für gescheitert". Die Zeit (in German). 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Regierungsbildung ist gescheitert – Italien steht vor Neuwahlen". Handelsblatt (in German). 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ Giorgio, Massimiliano Di. "Italy repeat election looms in July as parties still far apart". Reuters. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Italy's populist parties given 24 hours to avert fresh elections". Financial Times. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Governo M5S-Lega, Berlusconi: nessun veto all'intesa ma no alla fiducia". La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Italy's populist 5 Star, League parties reach deal on government program". MarketWatch. 13 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Giuseppe Conte, un giurista per governo del cambiamento. Di Maio: Premier sarà un amico del popolo" (in Italian). Rai. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ "M5s e Lega da Mattarella. Di Maio: 'Conte premier di governo politico'. Salvini: 'Interesse italiani al centro'". La Repubblica (in Italian). GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ "Frenata M5S-Lega, chiesto più tempo a Mattarella". Avvenire (in Italian). 14 May 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Chi è Giuseppe Conte, scelto da Luigi Di Maio per la possibile squadra di governo". formiche.net (in Italian). 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ "Italy populist government pact: Candidate for prime minister named". BBC. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ "Italian president in talks as populist parties put forward novice for PM". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (21 May 2018). "Italy's Populists Move Closer to Power, With Little-Known Pick for Prime Minister". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ "The Latest: Populists' premier gets presidential mandate". ABC News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ "Di Battista all'attacco di Mattarella: 'Non si opponga agli italiani'. La lunga giornata del Colle". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Governo, Conte incaricato da Mattarella: 'Sarò l'avvocato difensore degli italiani'". Tgcom24 (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Governo, il giorno della rinuncia di Conte. Ecco come è fallita la trattativa su Savona". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "L'ora più buia di Mattarella: la scelta obbligata di difendere l'interesse nazionale dopo il no dei partiti alla soluzione Giorgetti per l'Economia". HuffPost. 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ "Governo, firme e tweet di solidarietà a Mattarella. Ma spuntano anche minacce di morte". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Governo, Cottarelli accetta l'incarico: 'Senza fiducia, il Paese al voto dopo agosto'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Romano, Luca (27 May 2018). "Meloni (FdI) e i grillini: 'Ora impeachment per Mattarella'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Salvini avvia la campagna elettorale ma senza impeachment: conta il fattore Berlusconi (di A. Mauro)". HuffPost (in Italian). 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "I giornali di oggi / Attacco al Colle. M5S e FdI chiedono l'impeachment". Democratica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Bugiardi (di L. Annunziata)". HuffPost (in Italian). 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Italie : Sergio Mattarella, le président qui a dit non" (in French). 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Mattarella sui giornali esteri". Lettera43 (in Italian). 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Romano, Luca (28 May 2018). "La Germania fa il tifo: 'Forza Sergio Mattarella!'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Belpietro vs Damilano: 'Mattarella ha commesso delle sciocchezze clamorose'". La7 (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Travaglio vs. Mattarella: 'Cose da pazzi: chi vince non deve governare'". HuffPost (in Italian). 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ "Nasce il governo Conte. Presentata la lista dei ministri. Di Maio e Salvini vicepremier". Rai. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ Macchioni, Marco (16 January 2022). "Come ricorderemo Mattarella". Il Post (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "La Lega presenta al Senato una mozione di sfiducia a Conte. M5S attacca Salvini: 'Giullare'" (in Italian). Rai. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Squires, Nick (9 August 2019). "Italy's League files no confidence motion in prime minister in bid to trigger election". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Giuffrida, Angela (20 August 2019). "Italian PM resigns with attack on 'opportunist' Salvini". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (20 August 2019). "Italy's Government Collapses, Turning Chaos Into Crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (20 August 2019). "Italy's Government Collapses, Turning Chaos Into Crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "Grasso, possibile intesa M5s-Pd-Leu". ANSA. 19 August 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ "Conte wins crucial support for new Italian govt coalition". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.
- ^ "C'è l'accordo tra M5s e Pd. Governo giallorosso ai nastri di partenza". Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ "Governo, Conte e i ministri hanno giurato. Gentiloni in pole per successione a Moscovici". La Repubblica (in Italian). 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ "La Camera vota la fiducia con 343 sì, il premier replica alla Camera fra le proteste. Alzata anche una sedia". La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- ^ "Resoconto stenografico dell'Assemblea Seduta n. 222 di lunedì 9 settembre 2019" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ "Italy's new pro-EU govt wins vote, now faces 2020 budget". The Public's Radio. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ "Conte offre un patto, Renzi ritira le ministre. La crisi è servita". L'HuffPost (in Italian). 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Italy's Conte wins Senate vote to keep fragile government afloat: final tally". Reuters. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Italian Prime Minister Conte resigns, president to start consultations – statement". Reuters. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella sceglie un governo del presidente e convoca Mario Draghi: 'Voto non opportuno con l'emergenza, serve pienezza delle funzioni'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Ghiglione, Davide; Johnson, Miles (3 February 2021). "Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form new Italian government". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (12 February 2021). "A Giant of Europe Prepares to Head Italy's New Unity Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ "Crisi governo, Draghi accetta l'incarico: 'Vincere pandemia e rilanciare il Paese'". Sky TG24. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Miles (13 February 2021). "Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ Giuffrida, Angela (12 February 2021). "Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ "Draghi government sworn in". ANSA. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ "Draghi, ecco cos'è il governo del presidente. Le differenze con quelli tecnici, istituzionali e di scopo". La Repubblica (in Italian). 3 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus, Italia prima in Europa per numero di contagi: è caccia ai focolai". Il Messagero (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ Ravizza, Simona (22 February 2020). "Coronavirus, due casi a Milano". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (9 March 2020). "Italy Announces Restrictions Over Entire Country in Attempt to Halt Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Italy imposes regional lockdown as Europe battles surges". BBC. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Sospensione precauzionale delle attività didattiche". University of Bergamo. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Northern Italy quarantines 16 million people". BBC. 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ "All of Italy is in lockdown as coronavirus cases rise". CNN. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Italian PM extends lockdown to entire country". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Bubola, Emma; Horowitz, Jason (8 March 2020). "On Day 1 of Broad Lockdown, a Debate Arises: Can Italians Follow the Rules?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Lyons, Kim (7 March 2020). "Italy locks down northern region in response to coronavirus outbreak". The Verge. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (7 March 2020). "Italy Locks Down Much of the Country's North Over the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (7 March 2020). "To contain coronavirus, Italy will restrict movement across much of its northern region, including the city of Milan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "La Fase 2: ecco come l'Italia ripartirà il 18 maggio" (in Italian). Rai. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Guerzoni, Monica; Sarzanini, Fiorenza (29 May 2020). "Mercoledì cadono i confini delle regioni: si potrà circolare ovunque". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus in Europe: Infections surge in France, Germany and Spain". BBC. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "As Covid cases rise again, how are countries in Europe reacting?". The Guardian. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Il cdm proroga lo stato d'emergenza al 31 gennaio. Mascherine subito obbligatorie. Sì della Camera alla risoluzione di maggioranza". La Repubblica (in Italian). 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Conte: 'Non manderemo la polizia a casa, ma serve responsabilità'" (in Italian). ANSA. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ "Covid, in Campania vietati tutti i cortei, anche quelli funebri". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Covid, Conte: 'Lockdown? Possibili misure restrittive per le Regioni'". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus, Conte firma il nuovo Dpcm: in semi-lockdown per un mese. Stop a bar e ristoranti alle 18 ma aperti la domenica". La Repubblica (in Italian). 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19, the new Ministerial Decree (Dpcm) by the Government". Ministry of Health. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Italy Back in Lockdown as Draghi Vows to Speed Up Vaccines". Bloomberg. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ "Il rischio variante Delta: impennata di casi, ricoveri sotto controllo. Dal Regno Unito un mix di buone e cattive notizie (anche per l'Italia)". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ "Variante Delta, nuovi focolai in Italia: da Roma a Pantelleria". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Tre scenari per l'epidemia: casi in forte rialzo, ma i vaccini reggono l'urto". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ Giuffrida, Angela (22 July 2021). "Italy imposes 'green pass' restrictions on unvaccinated people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (15 October 2021). "Workers across Italy face a new reality: No health pass, no paycheck". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Quirinale: Mattarella, 'grazie a chi si vaccina fidandosi della scienza'" (in Italian). ANSA. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Il commiato di Mattarella: 'Grazie italiani, non mi sono mai sentito solo. Avete mostrato il volto migliore del Paese'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Vecchio, Concetto (21 July 2021). "Mattarella compie 80 anni, tra popolarità al top e l'ipotesi del bis". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Arditti, Roberto (5 August 2021). "Mattarella, sette anni di popolarità crescente". HuffPost (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella bis: i momenti simbolo della prima presidenza". Quotidiano Nazionale (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Lanzavecchia, Otto (2 February 2021). "Why it matters that President Mattarella has ruled out a second term". Formiche.net. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ "Mattarella ai bambini: 'Sono vecchio, fra otto mesi potrò riposarmi'. Il Pd: 'Non aprire toto Quirinale ora', Salvini: 'Pronti a sostenere Draghi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ "Quirinale, settima votazione a vuoto, ma Mattarella arriva già a quota 387 preferenze". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella bis, c'è l'intesa, sarà rieletto presidente". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "L'assist di Letta la Mattarella-bis". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Mattarella to be re-elected after saying he is 'willing'". ANSA. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "Elezioni Presidente della repubblica 2022". La Repubblica (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "Sergio Mattarella: At 80, Italy president set to stay on amid successor row". BBC. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Draghi, Italy's Parties Agree to Back Mattarella as President". Bloomberg. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Italian parties ask Mattarella to remain president after vote disarray". Swissinfo.ch. SRG SSR. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ Amante, Angelo (3 February 2022). "Italy's president calls for unity as he starts second term". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Ucraina, Mattarella: non possiamo accettare scontri in Europa". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Mattarella: "In Ucraina guerra brutale scatenata da Russia. Il coraggio e sacrificio alpini per la pace in Europa", la Repubblica
- ^ Ucraina: Mattarella, restare uniti nella ricerca del dialogo, Agenzia ANSA
- ^ Decreto Aiuti: ok alla Camera, il M5S si astiene. Conte: "Non voto questione di coerenza". Berlusconi chiede verifica di maggioranza, la Repubblica
- ^ Conte annuncia: «M5s non parteciperà al voto in Senato sul Dl Aiuti», Corriere della Sera
- ^ Crisi di governo a un passo. M5s non voterà la fiducia. Lega e Fratelli d'Italia: "Elezioni", ANSA
- ^ Crisi governo, la diretta. Mattarella respinge le dimissioni di Draghi. Il premier in Cdm: "La maggioranza non c'è più". Mercoledì riferirà alle Camere, la Repubblica
- ^ Il Presidente Mattarella non ha accolto le dimissioni del governo Draghi e ha invitato il Presidente del Consiglio a presentarsi al Parlamento, Quirinale
- ^ Crisi di Governo, Mattarella respinge dimissioni Draghi. Mercoledì comunicazioni del premier alle Camere, Il Sole 24 Ore
- ^ "DIRETTA Crisi di governo, Draghi al Quirinale da Mattarella". 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Crisi di governo, Draghi verso le dimissioni: Elezioni il 2 ottobre? Gli ultimi aggiornamenti". 20 July 2022.
- ^ "Fine del governo Draghi Lega, Forza Italia e M5s non votano la fiducia. Il premier stasera non sale al Quirinale".
- ^ di Redazione Online (20 July 2022). "Cosa succede ora al governo, viste le possibili dimissioni di Draghi?". Corriere.it. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ "Draghi potrebbe annunciare le dimissioni già domani alla Camera. Poi salirà al Quirinale da Mattarella". 20 July 2022.
- ^ "Draghi ha dato le dimissioni". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ Dichiarazione del Presidente della Repubblica, Quirinale
- ^ Mattarella, molti adempimenti da chiudere in interesse Italia, ANSA
- ^ Winfield, Nicole (26 September 2022). "How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Senato, Ignazio La Russa eletto presidente". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 13 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Il discorso di Lorenzo Fontana nuovo presidente della Camera che elogia il Papa e ringrazia Bossi: 'L'Italia non deve omologarsi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 14 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Quirinale, il calendario delle consultazioni per la formazione del nuovo governo. Centrodestra (unito) atteso al Colle venerdì". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "Meloni convocata al Colle alle 16.30. La leader di FdI: 'Idee chiare. Governo il prima possibile'" (in Italian). RAI. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Nuovo governo, le news di oggi. Mattarella convoca Giorgia Meloni alle 16,30". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ TG24, Sky (23 October 2022). "Tempi di formazione dei governi: a Berlusconi e Conte i record". tg24.sky.it (in Italian). Retrieved 29 December 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Presidential palace says Giorgia Meloni forms government, giving Italy first far-right-led coalition since World War II". ABC News. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ Governo Meloni, la prima donna premier della storia italiana. Adnkronos
- ^ Batosta per Meloni: Mattarella chiede un intervento correttivo sulle concessioni balneari. Domani
- ^ Dl milleproroghe: Mattarella promulga ma esprime riserve su metodo e merito (RCO). Il Sole 24 Ore
- ^ Mattarella: "L'autorevolezza non si misura sui manganelli". ANSA
- ^ Mattarella a Piantedosi: "Con i ragazzi i manganelli esprimono un fallimento. Corriere della Sera
- ^ Mattarella: 'Con le elezioni consacriamo la sovranita' dell'Ue'. ANSA
- ^ 2 giugno, Lega contro Mattarella. Borghi: "Se pensa che la sovranità sia dell'Ue, allora si dimetta". TgCom24
- ^ Mattarella: 'Ora più che mai serve fedeltà alla Repubblica'. ANSA
- ^ a b Califano, Vito (31 January 2022). "Chi era la moglie di Sergio Mattarella, Marisa Chiazzese: 'La persona a me più cara al mondo'". Il Riformista (in Italian). Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Sergio Mattarella: profilo privato di un uomo misurato". Panorama (in Italian). 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Bernardo Giorgio Mattarella" (in Italian). Istituto di Ricerche sulla Pubblica Amministrazione. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ^ Capecelatro, Fabrizio (29 January 2022). "Laura, Bernardo Giorgio e Francesco Mattarella, chi sono i figli del Presidente della Repubblica?". La Notizia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^