Sigma Nu Phi
Sigma Nu Phi | |
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ΣΝΦ | |
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Founded | 1902 National University School of Law |
Type | Professional |
Affiliation | Independent |
Status | Merged |
Merge Date | 1989 |
Successor | Delta Theta Phi |
Emphasis | Law |
Scope | National |
Member badge | ![]() |
Colors | Purple and Gold |
Symbol | Axe and Key, Owl |
Flower | White carnation |
Jewel | Diamond and Sapphire |
Publication | The Owl The Adelphia Law Journal |
Chapters | 10 at merger |
Members | 5,000+ lifetime |
Headquarters | Formerly, Suite 1500 625 Fourth Avenue South Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415 United States |
Sigma Nu Phi (ΣΝΦ), also known as Adelphia Sigma Nu Phi, was a professional law fraternity and a member of the Professional Fraternity Association.[1][2]
History
[edit]Adelphia Sigma Nu Phi was founded in 1903 by students and faculty of National University School of Law in Washington, D.C.[3][4] Its founders wanted to create a Greek letter law fraternity for men that would be a modern version of the English Order of the Coif.[5][a] The fraternity was incorporated in the District of Columbia on February 12, 1903.[5] Its founders and incoporators were :[5][6][7]
- Harry Hayward Allen
- James A. Bailey
- Charles F. Carusi
- Eugene Carusi
- Oliver Metzerott
- Raymond W. Moulton
- Fred R. Reisner
- E. Richard Shipp
- Sidney F. Smith
- George L. Whitaker
Eugene Carusi was dean of the School of Law and Charles Carusi and Richard Shipp were faculty members.[7]
The purpose of Sigma Nu Phi was to improve legal education, promote professional ethics and culture, and establish a bond of brotherhood.[6] The fraternity selected a seal, insignia, and design for a ring in February 1903, entering these with the Librarian of Congress.[8] Its membership was limited to students, alumni, and faculty of law schools.[4][7] The fraternity's member types or degrees were apprentice, sergeant, and magistrate.[5][8] Members of other fraternities were not eligible to join Sigma Nu Phi.[4]
Soon after it was chartered, the fraternity had applications for chapters at Columbian University, Georgetown University, Indianapolis College of Law, Tulane University, the University of Kansas, and the University of Pennsylvania.[8] It had six chapters by the end of January 1904.[9] In May 1906, the Alpha chapter moved into its chapter house on 1016 Thirteenth Street Northwest.[10][2][11]
Sometime after 1911, the Alpha chapter declined and went inactive. It was revived in February 1915 with the aid of faculty who were fraternity members.[12][13] New members were initiated into the Alpha chapter in March.[14][15] Members and alumni celebrated the chapter's revival at a function held in April 1915.[16][13]
In December 1915, the Alpha chapter began discussing acquiring a new chapter house.[17][18] Plans were also underway to establish chapters at Georgetown University Law School and George Washington University Law School; the former had a chapter previously that went dormant.[17][18] The Washington, D.C. Alumni chapter held a joint organizational meeting on March 20, 1916.[19][20]
Sigma Nu Phi was one of the chartering fraternities of the Professional Interfraternity Conference in 1928 and its president Major Jarvis Butler served as its first president.[21]
In 1953, the fraternity had 24 chapters.[22] However, there were only five active chapters in 1963.[5] Sigma Nu Phi merged into Delta Theta Phi (ΔΘΦ) in 1989.[1] Delta Theta Phi accepted all Sigma Nu Phi members and took over publishing The Adelphia Law Journal.[1][23]
Symbols
[edit]Sigma Nu Phi's colors were purple and gold.[5][24] Its banner was made of purple and old rose silk.[8] Its flower was the white carnation.[5][24] Its jewels were the sapphire and the diamond.[8] Its symbols were the axe, the key, and the owl.
The Sigma Nu Phi crest includes a cluster of three carnations, an Arabian lamp, an open book, and a crossed battle axe and key, flanked on both sides by an owl and surrounded by a legal scroll.[24] The Sigma Nu Phi coat of arms was designed by Balfour and Company and adopted by the fraternity in 1921.[25] It incorporated the symbols of the fraternity's great seal.[25]
When it was first established, Sigma Nu Phi members wore a ring instead of a badge.[8] It was a gold signet ring, featuring the fraternity's crest with an owl on either side.[8] The ring had three sapphires, representing the three classes or degrees of members, and four diamonds, representing the fraternity's four declarations.[8] A similar watch seal was also designed.[8]
Members wore purple gowns, based on judicial robes, with an old rose and gold girdle.[8] The right sleeve was decorated with the fraternity's crest and the left sleeve indicated the wearer's membership degree.[8]
The fraternity's badge was a circle of purple enamel with the Greek letters ΣΝΦ above a lamp; it was encircled by pearls and featured an owl perched on an open book at the top of the circle.[5] Before 1921, some chapters had a pin or guard that consisted of its Greek letter, surrounded in pearls, that was worn attached to the badge.[26] However, the fraternity stated that these were forbidden in November 1921.[26] A variant without the pearls was issued by the fraternity in 1934.[5]
The Sigma Nu Phi pledge button was a gold owl that had jeweled eyes that was worn on the left lapel.[5][27] Pledge pins were loaned to pledges and returned to the chapter after the brother's initiation.[27]In addition, the fraternity had a recognition button that was a replica of its coat of arms.[5] It also issued a scholarship key to the members of each chapter with the highest grade point average in their class.[5]
In March 1915, the Alpha chapter's initiation included marching the initiates down H Street to Fourteenth Street, and onto New York Avenue in what one newspaper called "a parade in grotesque" costumes".[14][15] The initiation also included a slapstick, a seizer bottle, and an electric battery.[14]
Publications
[edit]The fraternity started publishing a newspaper, The Declaration, in late February 1903.[8] In 1916, Sigma Nu Phi started publishing The Owl magazine quarterly.[5] It also published The Adelphia on an irregular basis starting in 1925; in 1981, it became The Adelphia Law Journal, an authoritatively recognized law review.[23][5] The fraternity also published a seven members directories between 1916 and 1956.[5]
Chapter house
[edit]The original Alpha chapter house was locatied at 1016 Thirteenth Street Northwest.[10][2] It was built in the 1870s for David Kellogg Cartter, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and was later the home of Senator William Alexander Harris.[11][28] It was three blocks from the National Law School buidilng.[10] Its lower level of the chapter house was decorted with hand-carved black walnut and included reading rooms, clubrooms, and space for programs and social events.[29][2][28] The upper floors were used as a residence for students of the National University Law School.[28]
In March 1921, Alpha chapter had a newly furnished chapter house at 1654 Columbia Road.[30] In May 1923, it moved to a new chapter house at 1752 N Street Northwest.[31]
Governance
[edit]Chapter officers were called chancellor, first vice-chancellor, second vice-chancellor, master of rolls, registrar, and crier.[32] Nationally, Sigma Nu Phi was governed by a high court of chancery which met annually, and an elected executive council.[5][24]
Its headquarters was originally located in Washington, D.C., and later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota.[5][33][19]
Chapters
[edit]Collegiate chapters
[edit]The Sigma Nu Phi collegiate chapters were named for distinguished lawyers, in addition to having Greek letter names.[5] Following is a list of known collegiate chapters.[1][3][5][33]
Alumni chapters
[edit]Following is a list of known Sigma Nu Phi alumni chapters.[19][5][3]
Chapter Name | Chartered date | Location | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
District of Columbia Alumni | March 20, 1916 | Washington, D.C. | Inactive | [42][51][19][20] |
Detroit Alumni | Detroit, Michigan | Inactive | ||
Richmond Alumni | May 31, 1924 | Richmond, Virginia | Inactive | [69] |
St. Louis Alumni | St. Louis, Missouri | Inactive | ||
Milwaukee Alumni | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Inactive | ||
Chicago Alumni | Chicago, Illinois | Inactive | ||
Los Angeles Alumni | Los Angeles, California | Inactive | ||
Minneapolis Alumni | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Inactive | ||
Louisville Alumni | Louisville, Kentucky | Inactive | ||
Atlanta Alumni | October 13, 1934 | Atlanta, Georgia | Inactive | [70] |
Portland Alumni | Portland, Oregon | Inactive |
Notable members
[edit]- Richard H. Alvey (Alpha Honorary), chief judge of the Supreme Court of Maryland and chief justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia[8]
- James M. Beck (Honorary), U.S. Solicitor General and U.S. House of Representatives[3]
- Theodore M. Brantley (Delta First, Honorary), Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court[71]
- Theodore Brentano (Alpha Honorary), attorney, judge, and U.S. ambassador to Hungary[8]
- Joseph H. Choate (Beta Honorary), United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom[32]
- George B. Davis (Alpha Honorary), Judge Advocate General of the United States Army[8]
- Herbert J. Drane (Honorary), U.S. House of Representatives[3]
- Duncan U. Fletcher (Honorary), U.S. Senator[3]
- Melville Fuller (Alpha Honorary), Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court[8]
- George Gray (Alpha Honorary), United States Senator and a United States circuit judge[8]
- Oliver Wendell Holmes (Alpha Honorary), U.S. Supreme Court justice[3][8]
- Charles Evans Hughes (Beta Honorary), Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court[32]
- Frank E. Irvine (Alpha Honorary), federal judge and dean of Cornell Law School[3][8]
- Calvin Ira Kephart, lawyer and hearing examiner with the Interstate Commerce Commission and law professor at George Washington University[3]
- John W. Kern (Indiana Alpha), United States Senator[72]
- Arthur J. Lacy (Gamma Honorary), attorney, judge, professor, and mayor of Clare, Michigan[50]
- Paul Lessinoff (Honorary), Bulgarian Chargé d'affaires to the United States
- Oscar Raymond Luhring (Honorary), U.S. House of Representatives and Associate Justice of the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia.[3]
- David J. Mays (Zeta), lawyer and writer
- Samuel McGowan (Honorary), Rear Admiral and Paymaster General of the United States Navy[73]
- Frank S. Monnett (Alpha Honorary), Ohio Attorney General[8]
- Abram F. Myers (Beta), chair of the Federal Trade Commission[32]
- Samuel J. Nicholls (Beta Honorary), U.S. House of Representatives[74]
- Samuel W. Pennypacker (Alpha Honorary), Governor of Pennsylvania[32][8]
- Theodore Roosevelt (Alpha Honorary), President of the United States[32][8][75]
- George Shiras Jr. (Alpha Honorary), U.S. Supreme Court justice[8]
- Frederick Lincoln Siddons (Alpha), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia[76][77]
- John R. Saunders (Zeta Honorary), Attorney General of Virginia and Senate of Virginia[69]
- William Howard Taft, President of the United States[73]
- Hannis Taylor (Beta Honorary), United States Ambassador to Spain[32]
- David I. Walsh (Beta Honorary), Governor of Massachusetts and United States Senate[74]
- David K. Watson (Alpha Honorary), U.S. House of Representatives and Ohio Attorney General[8]
- Edward Douglas White (Beta Honorary), Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court[32][73]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Not to be confused with the American Order of the Coif, formed in Chicago in 1902.
- ^ Chapter disbanded after all but three of its members graduated.
- ^ Chapter assigned the Greek Letter Omega on rechartering
- ^ Baird's 20th edition notes this chapter formed in 1903.
- ^ The 1912 Georgetown Law School yearbook says this chapter was at the University of Nashville. However, that school closed in 1909 and did not have a law school. The Nashville School of Law, which opened in 1911, is the logical host for a chapter of Sigma Nu Phi.
- ^ Chapter formed by absorbing Lambda Sigma Chi (local), established in 1904.
- ^ Chapter formed from affiliation of the Wm. H. Taft Club
- ^ Chapter formed at Trinity College which changed its name to Duke University in 1925.
- ^ In 1938, the charter was transferred from Northwestern College of Law to St. Paul College of Law/Minneapolis College of Law.
- ^ Chapter formed at the Westminster College of Law which merged with University of Denver College of Law in 1957.
- ^ The Detroit City Law School was formed in 1927, as part of the College of the City of Detroit, offering evening classes. It would later consolidate as the Wayne State University Law School.
- ^ This college began a series of mergers between four Minneapolis law schools in 1940, culminating with a merger with the St. Paul College of Law to create William_Mitchell_College_of_Law in 1956.
- ^ Cumberland Law School became a unit of Samford University in 1961, moving from Tennessee to Alabama.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. V-101. ISBN 978-0963715906.
- ^ a b c d "Organizations". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 31 December 1906. p. 12. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Docket (yearbook). George Washington University. 1934. pp. n218–n220 – via Internet.
- ^ a b c "Sigma Nu Phi is New Body". Omaha Daily Bee. Omaha, Nebraska. 16 February 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Robson, John, ed. (1963). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (17th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press, George Banta Company, Inc. pp. 513-514.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phi Incorporated". The Washington Times. Washington, District of Columbia. 14 February 1903. p. 1. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "New Greek Letter Society. Formation Projects by Students of National University". Evening star. Washington, D.C. 16 February 1903. p. 8. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "New College Union Springs into Life. Fraternity of Sigma Nu Incorporated Here". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. 20 February 1903. p. 1. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "University of Texas". The Galveston Daily News. Texas. 31 January 1904. p. 8. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "National Law School". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 19 August 1906. p. 59. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phi Frat Have Housewarming". The Washington Times. 25 May 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "Chapter Again Active. Sigma Nu Phi Revives Organization Which Had Been Dormant". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 18 February 1915. p. 24. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phi Men Revive Chapter". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. 25 April 1915. p. 10. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Initiated Harder than Court Battle; Sigma Nu Phi Fraternity Tak in Four New Members". The Washington Herald. Washington, D.C. 12 March 1915. p. 2. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Four Initiated Here by Sigma Nu Phi Chapter". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. 12 March 1915. p. 16. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Sigma Nu Phi Men to Smoke. Will Celebrate Revival of National University Law School Chapter". The Washington Herald. 24 April 1915. p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Planning to Established Fraternity House Here". Evening star. 24 December 1915. p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phi to Have Home". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. 25 December 1915. p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d "Law Alumni Organize Sigma Nu Phi Chapter". Evening star. Washington, D.C. 22 March 1916. p. 22. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "New Sigma Nu Phi Chapter". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. 26 March 1916. p. 18. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Final Sourcebook - Alpha Chi Sigma 2022-2023
- ^ "Legal Fraternity Picks Head" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 October 1953. p. 50. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b "History of the Adelphia Law Journal". Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity, International. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via web.archive.org.
- ^ a b c d "Fraternity Banquet; Sigma Nu Phi Entertains at Rauscher's". Evening star. Washington, D.C. 24 March 1904. p. 16. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Official Coat of Arms". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (1): 27 (November 1921) – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "The Official Pin". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (1): 27 (November 1921) – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "The Official Pledge Pin". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (1): 27 (November 1921) – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c "Popular Sigma Nu Phi Entertains at Its Home". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. 20 January 1907. p. 30. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Frat. Men Give Smoker. Sigma Nu Pi Entertains at Choate Chapter House". The Washington Post. 21 December 1906. p. 2. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Sigma Nu Phi Legal Fraternity". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. 13 March 1921. p. 41. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "National University Law School". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 13 May 1923. p. 24. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ye Domesday Booke (yearbook) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Class of 1912 Georgetown University Law School / The Carnahan Press. June 1912. p. 183. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Georgetown University Library.
- ^ a b Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. G. Banta Company. 1930. p. 567.
- ^ a b c d "A New Frat. Shows". Austin American-Statesman. Texas. 7 June 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Sigma Nu Phi". The Oshkosh Northwestern. Wisconsin. 23 April 1903. p. 7. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "U. of I. Gets Charter". The Fort Wayne Sentinel. Indiana. 22 April 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Reagan Is Expected". Palestine Daily Herald. Palestine, Texas. 30 January 1904. p. 8. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "News of the University". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. 12 July 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Owl". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 20 (2): 92. 1938 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b The Record, Volume 58, Issue 4 Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity, 1938 p 365
- ^ "Frat Chapter Established". The Indianapolis Star. Indiana. 20 May 1904. p. 3. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f "National and Chapter Officers". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 1 (1): 3–4. July 1916 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Entertain Chancellor. Members of the Sigma Nu Phi Fraternity Meet G. B. Prindle". The Indianapolis News. Indiana. 22 December 1906. p. 16. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Sigma Nu Dinner". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. 19 May 1911. p. 18. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Nashville University". lost-colleges. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "Local Student of State University Forms Fraternity". Marshfield News-Herald. Marshfield, Wisconsin. 17 September 1923. p. 1. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Personals". Kenosha News. Wisconsin. 12 August 1924. p. 4. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d "May Make Quarters Here. Sigma Nu Phi Fraternity Contemplate National Home". Evening star. Washington, D.C. 3 May 1916. p. 9. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phis at Dinner". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. 4 June 1916. p. 15. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Sigma Nu Phi Chapter Installs New Officers". Detroit Free Press. Michigan. 10 June 1917. p. 14. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Editorial". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 1 (1): 5. July 1916 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "National Officers and Chapters". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (1): 2 (November 1921) – via Google Books.
- ^ Janson, Frederick W. "Alexander Hamilton Chapter". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 1 (1): 37. July 1916 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Fraternity Function". Los Angeles Evening Express. 27 February 1917. p. 13. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Chapter Letters". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 1 (4): 177. April 1917 – via Google Books.
- ^ Minger, William C. (November 1921). "Installation of John Marshall Chapter". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (1): 4 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Stetson University Has Installation of Sigma Nu Phi Frat". The Tampa Tribune. Florida. 5 May 1921. p. 3. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Washington College of Law". Evening star. Washington, D.C. 22 January 1922. p. 23. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Establishment of Oliver Wendell Holmes Chapter at Washington College of Law". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (4): 140. May 1922 – via Google Books.
- ^ St. John, Dewey (May 1922). "Installation of Champ Clark Chapter Sigma Nu Phi". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (4): 142 – via Google Books.
- ^ Randall, Clarence A. (July 1922). "The Wm H. Taft Club". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 4 (5): 192 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Sigma Nu Phi Chapter at Trinity College Installed". News and Record. Greensboro, North Carolina. 6 April 1923. p. 6. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Elkins, Lloyd Stanley (May 1923). "Installation of Richmond Pearson chapter". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 5 (4): 241 – via Google Books.
- ^ Haight, Morton C. (May 1923). "Russell H. Conwell chapter of Sigma Nu Phi fraternity". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 5 (4): 241 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ehlman, Waldo (July 1923). "Installation of the William Mitchell chapter Northwestern College of Law, Minneapolis College of Law". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 5 (5): 332 – via Google Books.
- ^ Loyola Law Journal (New Orleans) 7, no. 4 (October 1926): 239-241
- ^ "Westminster College of Law (Denver, Colo.) | Archives @ DU Catalog". duarchives.coalliance.org. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "History Timeline". Mitchell Hamline School of Law. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Fraternity Alumni Elect First Officers". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Virginia. 18 May 1924. p. 26. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Grand Master Baer, of Sigma Nu Phi, Coming to Atlanta". The Atlanta Journal. 12 October 1934. p. 5. Retrieved 24 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Chief Justice Theodore Brantly". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 5 (1): 33. November 1922 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Admitted to Practice". The Indianapolis Star. Indiana. 27 August 1916. p. 37 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Honors to M'Gowan by Law Fraternity". The State. Columbia, South Carolina. 7 June 1917. p. 9. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Ye Domesday Booke (yearbook). Washington, D.C.: Seniors 1912 Georgetown University, 1921. p. 363. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via Georgetown University Library.
- ^ "Letter from G. Whitaker to Theodore Roosevelt". Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University. 20 March 1903. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "Notes and Comments". The Owl of Sigma Nu Phi. 5 (1): 400. November 1922 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Sigma Nu Fraternity is Holding Convention". Passaic Daily News. Passaic, New Jersey. 4 May 1917. p. 2. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Newspapers.com.