Party of Democratic Action
Party of Democratic Action Stranka demokratske akcije | |
---|---|
![]() | |
President | Bakir Izetbegović |
General Secretary | Halid Genjac |
Vice Presidents | |
Founder | Alija Izetbegović |
Founded | 26 May 1990 |
Headquarters | Mehmeda Spahe 14, Sarajevo |
Youth wing | Youth Association SDA |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre-right[21] to right-wing[22] |
European affiliation | European People's Party (observer)[23] |
Colours |
|
Slogan | "Snaga naroda!" "Power of the people!" |
Anthem | "Ja sin sam tvoj, zemljo" "I am your son, country" |
HoR BiH | 8 / 42 |
HoP BiH | 2 / 15 |
HoR FBiH | 26 / 98 |
HoP FBiH | 15 / 80 |
NA RS | 1 / 83 |
Party flag | |
![]() | |
Website | |
www.sda.ba | |
The Party of Democratic Action (Bosnian: Stranka demokratske akcije; abbr. SDA) is a Bosniak nationalist, conservative[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[24]
History
[edit]The Party of Democratic Action (SDA) was founded on 26 May 1990 in Sarajevo, as a "party of Muslim cultural-historic circle". It was a realisation of Alija Izetbegović's idea of an Islamic religious and national party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed] Many members of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including imams, took part in the party's foundation. Alija, who was chosen as its chairman, tried to resolve disputes between the Muslim nationalist Islamists led by Omer Behmen and the left-wing Muslims led by Adil Zulfikarpašić.[10] The party has its roots in the old Yugoslav Muslim Organization, a conservative Muslim party in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Yugoslav Muslim Organization was a successor of Muslimanska Narodna Organizacija (Muslim National Organization), a conservative Muslim party founded in 1906 during the Austro-Hungarian era. The Muslim National Organization was itself a successor of the conservative Muslim "Movement for waqf and educational autonomy" (Pokret za vakufsko-mearifsku autonomiju) that goes back to 1887.
The SDA achieved considerable success in elections after the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. It founded the newspaper Ljiljan. The party remains the strongest political party among the Bosniak population in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In November 2000, the party was defeated by the Social Democratic Party and other parties gathered into the "Alliance for Change", and found itself in opposition for the first time since its creation.[25][clarification needed] After the 2022 general election, the SDA became once again the largest party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The party has branches in Slovenia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Croatia and the Sandžak region of Serbia. One of the goals of the party, outside Bosnia and Herzegovina, is to represent and defend the interests of Bosniaks and other Muslim South Slavs in the entire Balkan region. In Montenegro, the SDA merged with smaller Bosniak and Slavic Muslim parties to create the Bosniak Party.
The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP).
Ideology
[edit]The Party of Democratic Action is the primary stronghold for right-orientated Bosniaks, especially for nationalists, and conservatives, and thus they have been described as national-conservative.[26] The party has been also described as secularist by some researchers.[27][28] Islamist and Pan-Islamist ideologies exist in the party but tends to represent itself mainly among the elite apparatus of the party.[29][30] The party supports the centralization of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[31] On foreign stances they also tend to be atlanticist and supportive of the accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to NATO and the European Union.[30][19]
List of presidents
[edit]Name | Term of Office | |
---|---|---|
1 | Alija Izetbegović | 1990–2001 |
2 | Sulejman Tihić | 2001–2014 |
3 | Bakir Izetbegović | 2014–present |
Elections
[edit]Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Year | Leader | # | Popular vote | % | Seats won | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Alija Izetbegović | 1st | 711,075 | 31.48 | 86 / 240 | Coalition |
Year | Leader | # | Popular vote | % | HoR | Seat change | HoP | Seat change | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | Alija Izetbegović | 1st | 909,970 | 37.92 | 19 / 42 | New | 5 / 15 | New | Coalition |
1998[a] | 1st | 583,895 | 33.83 | 13 / 42 | ![]() | 3 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2000 | 1st | 279,548 | 18.76 | 8 / 42 | ![]() | 2 / 15 | ![]() | Opposition | |
2002 | Sulejman Tihić | 1st | 269,427 | 21.92 | 10 / 42 | ![]() | 4 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition |
2006 | 2nd | 238,475 | 16.89 | 9 / 42 | ![]() | 3 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2010 | 3rd | 214,300 | 13.05 | 7 / 42 | ![]() | 3 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition (2010–2012) | |
Opposition (2012–2014) | |||||||||
2014 | Bakir Izetbegović | 1st | 305,715 | 18.73 | 10 / 42 | ![]() | 3 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition |
2018 | 1st | 281,754 | 17.01 | 9 / 42 | ![]() | 3 / 15 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2022 | 1st | 273,545 | 17.23 | 9 / 42 | ![]() | 2 / 15 | ![]() | Opposition |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/fbq0v1cq74tl35hhhar586xfiposs84.png)
Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Year | Leader | # | Popular vote | % | HoR | Seat change | HoP | Seat change | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | Alija Izetbegović | 1st | 725,810 | 54.34 | 78 / 140 | New | 27 / 65 | New | Coalition |
1998[a] | 1st | 456,458 | 49.20 | 68 / 140 | ![]() | 26 / 72 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2000 | 1st | 232,674 | 26.81 | 38 / 140 | ![]() | 11 / 81 | ![]() | Opposition | |
2002 | Sulejman Tihić | 1st | 234,923 | 33.57 | 32 / 98 | ![]() | 11 / 58 | ![]() | Coalition |
2006 | 1st | 218,365 | 25.45 | 28 / 98 | ![]() | 9 / 58 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2010 | 2nd | 206,926 | 20.22 | 23 / 98 | ![]() | 9 / 58 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2014 | Bakir Izetbegović | 1st | 275,728 | 27.79 | 29 / 98 | ![]() | 10 / 58 | ![]() | Coalition |
2018 | 1st | 252,817 | 25.25 | 27 / 98 | ![]() | 9 / 58 | ![]() | Coalition | |
2022 | 1st | 238,111 | 24.40 | 26 / 98 | ![]() | 13 / 80 | ![]() | Opposition |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/g3iow37c11pnvx7xwbwrzx2z9e5v9vn.png)
Presidency elections
[edit]Election year | # | Candidate | Votes | % | Representing | Elected? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | 1st | Alija Izetbegović | 730,592 | 80.0% | Bosniaks | Yes |
1998[a] | 1st | Alija Izetbegović | 511,541 | 86.8% | Bosniaks | Yes |
2002 | 1st | Sulejman Tihić | 192,661 | 37.2% | Bosniaks | Yes |
2006 | 2nd | Sulejman Tihić | 153,683 | 27.5% | Bosniaks | No |
2010 | 1st | Bakir Izetbegović | 162,831 | 34.8% | Bosniaks | Yes |
2014 | 1st | Bakir Izetbegović | 247,235 | 32.8% | Bosniaks | Yes |
2018 | 1st | Šefik Džaferović | 212,581 | 36.6% | Bosniaks | Yes |
2022 | 2nd | Bakir Izetbegović | 214,412 | 37.3% | Bosniaks | No |
Cantonal elections
[edit]Cantonal election | Cantonal Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Una-Sana | Posavina | Tuzla | Zenica-Doboj | Bosnian Podrinje Goražde | Central Bosnia | Herzegovina-Neretva | West Herzegovina | Sarajevo | Canton 10 | Total won / Total contested | ||||
1996 | 39 / 50 | 3 / 20 | 33 / 50 | 40 / 59 | 26 / 31 | 29 / 55 | 19 / 50 | 0 / 31 | 28 / 45 | 2 / 15 | 219 / 406 | |||
1998 | 33 / 50 | 5 / 30 | 26 / 50 | 29 / 50 | 21 / 31 | 22 / 50 | 18 / 50 | 0 / 31 | 25 / 45 | 4 / 30 | 183 / 417 | |||
2000 | 13 / 30 | 2 / 19 | 12 / 35 | 13 / 35 | 8 / 25 | 8 / 28 | 5 / 28 | 0 / 21 | 8 / 35 | 2 / 23 | 71 / 279 | |||
2002 | 14 / 30 | 2 / 21 | 16 / 35 | 20 / 35 | 12 / 25 | 10 / 30 | 7 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 15 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 98 / 289 | |||
2006 | 12 / 30 | 2 / 21 | 12 / 35 | 13 / 35 | 9 / 25 | 8 / 30 | 6 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 10 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 74 / 289 | |||
2010 | 7 / 30 | 2 / 21 | 10 / 35 | 10 / 35 | 6 / 25 | 6 / 30 | 5 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 7 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 55 / 289 | |||
2014 | 10 / 30 | 3 / 21 | 13 / 35 | 11 / 35 | 6 / 25 | 8 / 30 | 7 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 10 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 70 / 289 | |||
2018 | 9 / 30 | 2 / 21 | 9 / 35 | 11 / 35 | 5 / 25 | 10 / 30 | 8 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 10 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 66 / 289 | |||
2022 | 8 / 30 | 3 / 21 | 13 / 35 | 11 / 35 | 5 / 25 | 11 / 30 | 7 / 30 | 0 / 23 | 7 / 35 | 2 / 25 | 67 / 289 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Šedo 2013, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Bosnia-Herzegovina". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b Eralp 2012, p. 28.
- ^ a b Babić 2014, p. 128.
- ^ a b Farmer 2010, p. 126.
- ^ a b Krieger 2012, p. 102.
- ^ a b Tottoli 2014, p. 81.
- ^ a b Filipović & 28 July 2000.
- ^ [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- ^ a b Perica 2004, p. 87.
- ^ Babić 2014, p. 128.
- ^ Farmer 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Krieger 2012, p. 102.
- ^ Tottoli 2014, p. 81.
- ^ Filipović 28 July 2000
- ^ [10][11][12][13][14][15]
- ^ "Stav SDA o novoj metodologiji proširenja Evropske unije". ba.n1info.com (in Bosnian). N1. 7 February 2020.
- ^ Gallagher, Tom (2 September 2003). The Balkans After the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy. Routledge. ISBN 9781134472406.
- ^ a b "Party Politics in the Western Balkans" edited by Vera Stojarová, Peter Emerson
- ^ Dyker, David; Vejvoda, Ivan (19 September 2014). Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth. Routledge. ISBN 9781317891352.
- ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Dzidic, Denis; Jukic, Elvira (8 October 2014). "Bosnia and Herzegovina: the world's most complicated system of government?". The Guardian.
- ^ Arnautović, Suad (2018). "The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Mitigated Presidentialism". In Passarelli, Gianluca (ed.). The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in the Western Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-319-97352-4.
- ^ Šedo 2013, p. 92.
- ^ James, Ron (2003). Frontiers and ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 9780520236578. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
- ^ Al-Azmeh, Aziz (2007). Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521860116. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
- ^ "A State of Division". Jacobin. 8 November 2018.
- ^ "Innocence and Victimhood: Gender, Nation, and Women’s Activism in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina", Elizabeth Helms, University of Wisconsin Press
- ^ "Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-ethnic States", edited by Maya Shatzmiller, McGill-Queen's University Press
- ^ Xavier Bougarel, "Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires", Bloomsbury
- ^ a b Xavier Bougarel. "Bosnian Islam since 1990: Cultural Identity or Political Ideology?", Convention annuelle de l’Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), p. 3
- ^ "Bosnia-Herzegovina political briefing: BIH's Troyka Agreement – ambitious or premature plan to exit from 10 months-long government crisis? – China-CEE Institute". 11 October 2019.
Bibliography
[edit]- Babić, Marko (2014). Milosevic, Marko; Rekawek, Kacper (eds.). Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN 9781614993872.
- Eralp, Doğa Ulaş (2012). Politics of the European Union in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Between Conflict and Democracy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739149478.
- Farmer, Brian R. (2010). Radical Islam in the West: Ideology and Challenge. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 9780786462100.
- Krieger, Joel (2012). The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199738595.
- Perica, Vjekoslav (2004). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195174298.
- Šedo, Jakub (2013). "The party system of Bosnia and Herzegovina". In Stojarová, Vera; Emerson, Peter (eds.). Party Politics in the Western Balkans. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135235857.
- Tottoli, Roberto (2014). Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317744023.
Further reading
[edit]- Filipović, Muhamed (28 July 2000). "Kako su se razišli Alija i Adil". BH Dani (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 1 March 2015.
External links
[edit]- Official website
(in Bosnian)