Sweden at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Sweden at the 1924 Summer Olympics | |
---|---|
![]() | |
IOC code | SWE |
NOC | Swedish Olympic Committee |
Website | www |
in Paris | |
Competitors | 159 (146 men and 13 women) in 15 sports |
Flag bearer | Einar Råberg[1] |
Medals Ranked 8th |
|
Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
Other related appearances | |
1906 Intercalated Games |
Sweden competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. 159 competitors, 146 men and 13 women, took part in 84 events in 15 sports.[2]
Medalists
[edit]Athletics
[edit]Thirty-three athletes represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport as well as the Games. The Swedes took five medals, but none were gold.
Ranks given are within the heat.
Athlete | Event | Heats | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Gösta Bergström | 10000 m | N/A | Did not finish | ||||||
Cross country | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Erik Blomqvist | Javelin throw | N/A | 56.15 | 2 Q | 56.15 | 6 | |||
Erik Byléhn | 400 m | 50.6 | 3 | Did not advance | |||||
800 m | N/A | Unknown | 5 | Did not advance | |||||
Carl-Axel Christiernsson | 110 m hurdles | N/A | 15.6 | 1 Q | 15.4 | 1 Q | 15.5 | 4 | |
Sidon Ebeling | 10000 m | N/A | Unknown | 16 | |||||
Cross country | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Nils Engdahl | 400 m | 49.2 | 1 Q | 48.4 | 2 Q | 48.6 | 6 | Did not advance | |
Axel Eriksson | 5000 m | N/A | 15:23.6 | 3 Q | 15:38.0 | 8 | |||
Bertil Fastén | Pentathlon | N/A | Elim-3 | ||||||
Decathlon | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Bertil Jansson | Shot put | N/A | 13.76 | 4 | Did not advance | ||||
Folke Jansson | Triple jump | N/A | 14.97 | 2 Q | 14.97 | 5 | |||
Helge Jansson | High jump | N/A | 1.83 | 1 Q | 1.85 | 6 | |||
Decathlon | N/A | 6656.160 | 7 | ||||||
Rudolf Johansson | 800 m | N/A | 1:57.6 | 1 Q | 1:55.7 | 4 | Did not advance | ||
Henning Karlsson | Marathon | N/A | 3:14:21.4 | 21 | |||||
Gustav Kinn | Marathon | N/A | 2:54:33.4 | 8 | |||||
Hugo Lilliér | Javelin throw | N/A | 52.95 | 7 | Did not advance | ||||
Carl Johan Lind | Hammer throw | N/A | 44.785 | 7 | Did not advance | ||||
Gunnar Lindström | Javelin throw | N/A | 60.81 | 1 Q | 60.92 | ![]() | |||
Sven Emil Lundgren | 800 m | N/A | 2:01.4 | 2 Q | 1:57.6 | 4 | Did not advance | ||
Evert Nilsson | Pentathlon | N/A | Elim-4 | ||||||
Decathlon | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Bror Österdahl | 100 m | 11.3 | 4 | Did not advance | |||||
Sten Pettersson | 110 m hurdles | N/A | 15.6 | 1 Q | 15.6 | 2 Q | 15.4 | ![]() | |
Knut Russell | 100 m | 11.3 | 4 | Did not advance | |||||
Ivar Sahlin | Triple jump | N/A | 14.16 | 5 | Did not advance | ||||
High jump | N/A | 1.80 | 2 | Did not advance | |||||
Ossian Skiöld | Hammer throw | N/A | 45.075 | 5 Q | 45.285 | 5 | |||
Sixten Sundström | Shot put | N/A | 13.53 | 5 | Did not advance | ||||
Artur Svensson | 400 m | 50.0 | 1 Q | 50.0 | 2 Q | 49.1 | 6 | Did not advance | |
Sven Thuresson | 10000 m | N/A | Unknown | 13 | |||||
Cross country | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Göran Unger | Pentathlon | N/A | Elim-4 | ||||||
Gustaf Wejnarth | 400 m | 50.2 | 1 Q | 50.2 | 3 | Did not advance | |||
Curt Wiberg | 100 m | 11.4 | 4 | Did not advance | |||||
Edvin Wide | 5000 m | N/A | 15:24.0 | 2 Q | 15:01.8 | ![]() | |||
10000 m | N/A | 30:55.2 | ![]() | ||||||
Cross country | N/A | Did not finish | |||||||
Gösta Bergström Sidon Ebeling Sven Thuresson Edvin Wide | Team cross country | N/A | Did not finish | ||||||
Curt Branting Nils Engdahl Thor Österdahl Curt Wiberg | 4 × 100 m relay | N/A | 43.8 | 1 Q | 43.0 | 3 | Did not advance | ||
Erik Byléhn Nils Engdahl Artur Svensson Gustaf Wejnarth | 4 × 400 m relay | N/A | 3:37.5 | 2 Q | 3:17.0 | ![]() | |||
Axel Eriksson Sven Emil Lundgren Stig Reuterswärd Edvin Wide | 3000 m team | N/A | 21 | 3 | Did not advance |
Boxing
[edit]Five boxers represented Sweden at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Andrén was the most successful, reaching the semifinals and finishing fourth place in the bantamweight division.
Boxer | Weight class | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / Bronze match | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | ||
Oscar Andrén | Bantamweight | ![]() W | ![]() W | ![]() W | ![]() L | ![]() L | 4 |
Gustaf Bergman | Featherweight | ![]() L | Did not advance | 17 | |||
Oscar Bergström | Flyweight | Bye | ![]() W | ![]() L | Did not advance | 5 | |
Edvard Hultgren | Welterweight | ![]() L | Did not advance | 17 | |||
Harry Wolff | Bantamweight | Bye | ![]() L | Did not advance | 9 |
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Cycling
[edit]Four cyclists represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. The Swedes competed only in the road cycling time trials. Two of the four placed in the top ten, but neither were able to secure a medal. The times of the top three Swedes were good enough to win the team bronze, however, making 1924 the third consecutive Games in which the Swedish road cyclists had won a team medal.
Road cycling
[edit]Cyclist | Event | Final | |
---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | ||
Erik Bjurberg | Time trial | Did not finish | |
Erik Bohlin | Time trial | 6:36:12.4 | 7 |
Ragnar Malm | Time trial | 6:49:53.0 | 17 |
Gunnar Sköld | Time trial | 6:33:36.2 | 4 |
Erik Bjurberg Erik Bohlin Ragnar Malm Gunnar Sköld | Team time trial | 19:59:41.6 | ![]() |
Diving
[edit]Eleven divers, seven men and four women, represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. Despite having 11 of the nation's 14 entries reach the finals (3 divers competed in two events apiece), Sweden finished without a gold medal for the first time in its Olympic diving history. Jansson's silver in the men's plain high diving was the best result of the year, with Töpel adding a bronze medal in the women's platform.
Ranks given are within the heat.
- Men
Diver | Event | Semifinals | Final | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Score | Rank | Points | Score | Rank | ||
Erik Adlerz | 10 m platform | 11 | 475.2 | 2 Q | 19 | 468.9 | 4 |
Plain high diving | 17.5 | 151 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
Adolf Hellquist | 3 m board | 13 | 494.5 | 2 Q | 30 | 544.9 | 6 |
10 m platform | 9 | 442.8 | 2 Q | 37.5 | 403.2 | 8 | |
John Jansson | Plain high diving | 17 | 144 | 3 Q | 14.5 | 157 | ![]() |
Edmund Lindmark | 3 m board | 10 | 557 | 2 Q | 22 | 599.1 | 4 |
Helge Öberg | 10 m platform | 10 | 435.4 | 2 Q | 31 | 429 | 6 |
Curt Sjöberg | 3 m board | 15 | 523 | 3 Q | 34 | 538.4 | 7 |
Arvid Wallman | Plain high diving | 8.5 | 165 | 1 Q | 31.5 | 136 | 8 |
- Women
Diver | Event | Semifinals | Final | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Score | Rank | Points | Score | Rank | ||
Märta Johansson | 3 m board | 19 | 377.8 | 4 | Did not advance | ||
Signe Johansson | 3 m board | 10 | 421.7 | 2 Q | 21 | 412.6 | 5 |
Eva Olliwier | 3 m board | 14 | 408.8 | 3 Q | 20 | 425.8 | 4 |
10 m platform | 20.5 | 148 | 5 | Did not advance | |||
Hjördis Töpel | 10 m platform | 11.5 | 159 | 2 Q | 15.5 | 164 | ![]() |
Equestrian
[edit]Twelve equestrians represented Sweden in 1924; Sweden was one of two nations (along with France) to send the maximum number of riders. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. Sweden's four medals was twice the number won by any other nation, and Sweden matched the Netherlands for most gold medals at two (a historical low for Sweden, which had taken four gold medals in both 1912 and 1920).
All four of Sweden's dressage competitors finished in the top five, with France's Lesage taking the bronze to break up the Swedish dominance—Sweden had swept the medals in each of the two previous Games. In contrast, König at fifth was the only Swede in the top five of the eventing and no Swedes finished in the top five in jumping (though two came in the top seven). Nevertheless, Sweden took silver in the combined team score for eventing and gold in the jumping team competition.
Equestrian | Event | Final | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Time | Rank | ||
Victor Ankarcrona | Dressage | 256.5 | N/A | 5 |
Gustaf Hagelin | Eventing | 1335.0 | N/A | 20 |
Claës König | Eventing | 1730.0 | N/A | 5 |
Carl Gustaf Lewenhaupt | Eventing | Did not finish | ||
Ernst Linder | Dressage | 276.4 | N/A | ![]() |
Åge Lundström | Jumping | 18.00 | 2:38.4 | 11 |
Bertil Sandström | Dressage | 275.8 | N/A | ![]() |
Axel Ståhle | Jumping | 12.25 | 2:40.0 | 7 |
Torsten Sylvan | Eventing | 1678.0 | N/A | 9 |
Åke Thelning | Jumping | 12.00 | 2:30.4 | 6 |
Georg von Braun | Jumping | 23.50 | 2:45.6 | 19 |
Wilhelm von Essen | Dressage | 260.0 | N/A | 4 |
Gustaf Hagelin Claës König Carl Gustaf Lewenhaupt Torsten Sylvan | Team eventing | 4743.5 | N/A | ![]() |
Åge Lundström Axel Ståhle Åke Thelning Georg von Braun | Team jumping | 42.25 | N/A | ![]() |
Fencing
[edit]Nine fencers, six men and three women, represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's fifth appearance in the sport; Sweden was one of nine nations to send women to the first Olympic women's fencing competition. Hellsten won Sweden's first Olympic fencing medal with the bronze in the épée.
- Men
Ranks given are within the pool.
Fencer | Event | Round 1 | Round 2 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Carl Gripenstedt | Épée | 5–4 | 4 Q | N/A | 7–2 | 1 Q | 4–7 | 7 | Did not advance | ||
Nils Hellsten | Épée | 8–1 | 1 Q | N/A | 6–3 | 1 Q | 6–5 | 2 Q | 7–4 | ![]() | |
Bror Lagercrantz | Épée | 4–5 | 6 Q | N/A | 2–8 | 10 | Did not advance | ||||
Gustaf Lindblom | Épée | 6–3 | 1 Q | N/A | 4–6 | 7 | Did not advance | ||||
Gustaf Dyrssen Carl Gripenstedt Nils Hellsten Gustaf Lindblom Bertil Uggla | Team épée | 0–2 | 3 | N/A | Did not advance |
- Women
Ranks given are within the pool.
Fencer | Event | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Ellen Hamilton | Foil | 3–2 | 2 Q | 0–5 | 6 | Did not advance | |
Elsa Hellquist | Foil | 3–3 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
Hanna Olsen | Foil | 3–2 | 3 Q | 2–3 | 4 | Did not advance |
Football
[edit]- Summary
Key:
- W – Win D – Draw L – Loss
- A.E.T – After extra time.
- RP – Game replayed
Team | Event | First round | Second round | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | ||
Sweden men's | Men's tournament | Bye | ![]() W 8–1 | ![]() W 5–0 | ![]() L 1–2 | ![]() D 1–1 W 3–1 RP | ![]() |
Sweden competed in the Olympic football tournament for the fourth time in 1924. The Swedish side won the nation's first Olympic football medal, with a bronze, by defeating the Netherlands in the bronze medal match (which required a replay after the first match was drawn). The Swedes had reached that point by winning lopsided victories over Belgium, the defending champions, and Egypt before losing a tight match to Switzerland.
- Round 1
- Bye
- Round 2
- Quarterfinals
- Semifinals
Switzerland ![]() | 2–1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Abegglen ![]() ![]() | Report | Kock ![]() |
- Bronze medal match
Sweden ![]() | 1–1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Kaufeldt ![]() | Report | le Fèvre ![]() |
Modern pentathlon
[edit]Four pentathletes represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. Sweden was one of six nations to have competed in each edition of the Olympic modern pentathlon to that point. For the third time, Sweden swept the medals.
Pentathlete | Event | Final | |
---|---|---|---|
Score | Rank | ||
Carl Årmann | Individual | 74.5 | 10 |
Gustaf Dyrssen | Individual | 39.5 | ![]() |
Bo Lindman | Individual | 18 | ![]() |
Bertil Uggla | Individual | 45 | ![]() |
Sailing
[edit]Four sailors represented Sweden in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport.
Sailor | Event | Qualifying | Final | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Total | Race 1 | Race 2 | Total | Rank | ||
Karl Hammar | Olympic monotype | 3 | 1 Q | N/A | 3 | 8 (DNF) | 11 | 6 | |
Magnus Hellström Nils Rinman Olle Rinman | 6 metre class | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 | Did not advance | 4 |
Shooting
[edit]Nineteen sport shooters represented Sweden in 1924, winning two bronze and two silver medals.
Swimming
[edit]Ranks given are within the heat.
- Men
Swimmer | Event | Heats | Semifinals | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Åke Borg | 400 m freestyle | 5:28.2 | 1 Q | 5:25.0 | 2 Q | 5:26.0 | 4 |
1500 m freestyle | 22:55.2 | 1 Q | 21:59.4 | 3 | Did not advance | ||
Arne Borg | 100 m freestyle | 1:05.4 | 1 Q | 1:02.6 | 2 Q | 1:02.0 | 4 |
400 m freestyle | 5:31.8 | 1 Q | 5:21.4 | 1 Q | 5:05.6 | ![]() | |
1500 m freestyle | 21:11.4 WR | 1 Q | 21:50.8 | 2 Q | 20:41.4 | ![]() | |
Thor Henning | 200 m breaststroke | 3:04.2 | 2 Q | 3:05.0 | 3 | Did not advance | |
Bo Johnsson | 200 m breaststroke | 3:12.2 | 3 | Did not advance | |||
Bengt Linders | 200 m breaststroke | 3:03.4 | 1 Q | 3:01.4 | 2 Q | 3:02.2 | 4 |
Erik Skoglund | 100 m backstroke | 1:27.4 | 2 Q | 1:26.6 | 6 | Did not advance | |
Orvar Trolle | 100 m freestyle | 1:04.2 | 1 Q | 1:02.6 | 4 | Did not advance | |
Georg Werner | 100 m freestyle | 1:07.0 | 3 | Did not advance | |||
Arne Borg Åke Borg Thor Henning* Gösta Persson* Orvar Trolle Georg Werner | 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | 11:15.4 | 1 Q | 10:08.2 | 2 Q | 10:06.8 | ![]() |
* – Indicates athlete swam in the preliminaries but not in the final race.
- Women
Swimmer | Event | Heats | Semifinals | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Gurli Ewerlund | 100 m freestyle | 1:23.2 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
400 m freestyle | 7:05.4 | 4 | Did not advance | ||||
Jane Gylling | 400 m freestyle | 7:55.0 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
Wivan Pettersson | 100 m freestyle | 1:27.4 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
200 m breaststroke | — | 3:37.0 | 3 Q | 3:37.6 | 4 | ||
Hjördis Töpel | 100 m freestyle | 1:25.8 | 4 | Did not advance | |||
400 m freestyle | 6:59.8 | 3 | Did not advance | ||||
200 m breaststroke | — | 3:39.0 | 2 Q | 3:47.6 | 7 | ||
Aina Berg Gurli Ewerlund Wivan Pettersson Hjördis Töpel | 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | — | 5:35.6 | ![]() |
Tennis
[edit]- Men
Athlete | Event | Round of 128 | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | ||
Henning Müller | Singles | Bye | ![]() L 2–6, 5–7, 2–6 | Did not advance | |||||
Charles Wennergren | Singles | ![]() W 8–6, 6–2, 6–4 | ![]() L 4–6, 3–6, 2–6 | Did not advance | |||||
Henning Müller Charles Wennergren | Doubles | — | Bye | ![]() Williams (ARG) W 6–2, 6–0, 6–3 | ![]() Schildt (FIN) W 6–3, 6–1, 6–4 | ![]() Cochet (FRA) L 4–6, 1–6, 4–6 | Did not advance |
- Women
Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | ||
Lily von Essen | Singles | ![]() L 4–6, 2–6 | Did not advance | |||||
Sigrid Fick | Singles | Bye | Bye | ![]() L 1–6, 1–6 | Did not advance | |||
Lily von Essen Sigrid Fick | Doubles | — | Bye | ![]() Blair-White (IRL) W 6–2, 5–7, 6–2 | ![]() McKane (GBR) L 2–6, 3–6 | Did not advance |
- Mixed
Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | ||
Lily von Essen Charles Wennergren | Doubles | ![]() Timmer (NED) L 4–6, 4–6 | Did not advance | ||||
Sigrid Fick Henning Müller | Doubles | Bye | ![]() Halot (BEL) W 6–0, 6–3 | ![]() Williams (USA) L 6–8, 2–6 | Did not advance |
Water polo
[edit]- Summary
Team | Event | Gold medal round | Silver medal round | Bronze medal round | Rank | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First round | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final | Semifinal | Final | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final | |||
Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | |||
Sweden men | Men's tournament | ![]() W 7–0 | ![]() W 9–0 | ![]() L 2–4 | Did not advance | ![]() L 3–4 | Did not advance | Bye | ![]() W 4–1 | ![]() L 2–3 | 4 |
In its fourth Olympic water polo appearance, Sweden missed the medal podium for the first time.
- Roster
- Cletus Andersson
- Erik Andersson
- Vilhelm Andersson
- Nils Backlund
- Theodor Nauman
- Martin Norberg
- Gösta Persson
- E. Skoglund
- N. Skoglund
- Hilmar Wictorin
- First round
Sweden ![]() | 7–0 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
- Quarterfinals
Sweden ![]() | 9–0 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
- Semifinals
France ![]() | 4–2 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
- Silver medal semifinals
Belgium ![]() | 4–3 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
- Bronze medal quarterfinals
- Bye
- Bronze medal semifinals
Hungary ![]() | 1–4 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
- Bronze medal final
Sweden ![]() | 2–3 | ![]() | Piscine des Tourelles |
Weightlifting
[edit]Athlete | Event | 1H Snatch | 1H Clean & Jerk | Press | Snatch | Clean & Jerk | Total | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rikard Brunn | Men's +82.5 kg | 452.5 | 13 | |||||
Bertil R. Carlsson | Men's -82.5 kg | 65 | 90 | 85 | 90 | 115 | 445 | 13 |
Sigfrid Hylander | Men's -60 kg | 55 | — | — | — | — | DNF | — |
Nils Lidman | Men's -75 kg | 62.5 | 75 | 65 | 75 | 105 | 382.5 | 18 |
Martin Olofsson | Men's -67.5 kg | 62.5 | 75 | 67.5 | 80 | 105 | 390 | 14 |
Wrestling
[edit]Freestyle wrestling
[edit]- Men's
Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank | ||
Hans Hansson | Featherweight | Bye | ![]() L | Did not advance | Bronze medal semifinal ![]() W | Bronze medal final ![]() L | 4 |
Axel Larsson | Bantamweight | — | ![]() W | ![]() W | ![]() L Bronze medal semifinal ![]() L | Did not advance | |
Carl Nilsson | Middleweight | — | Bye | ![]() L | Did not advance | ||
Ernst Nilsson | Heavyweight | — | Bye | ![]() W | ![]() W Silver medal semifinal ![]() L Bronze medal semifinal Retired | ![]() L | Did not advance |
Nils Nilsson | Featherweight | Bye | ![]() L | Did not advance | |||
Johan Richthoff | Heavyweight | — | ![]() W | Did not advance | ![]() L Bronze medal semifinal Retired | Did not advance | |
Johan Svensson | Light heavyweight | — | ![]() W | ![]() W | ![]() W Silver medal semifinal ![]() W | ![]() L Silver medal final ![]() W | ![]() |
Calle Westergren | Light heavyweight | — | Bye | ![]() W | ![]() L Silver medal semifinal ![]() L Bronze medal semifinal Retired | Did not advance |
Greco-Roman
[edit]- Men's
References
[edit]- ^ "Einar Råberg". olympedia.org. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ "Sweden at the 1924 Paris Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-06-22.