Erdne Ombadykow

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Erdne-Basan Ombadykow (Oirat: Омбадһа Эрдн-Басң, romanized: Ombadha Erdn-Basñ, [ombadəˈɣa ɛrdˈnə baˈsəŋk], Russian: Эрдни Басангович Омбадыков, romanized: Erdni Basangovich Ombadykov, [ɪrdˈnʲi bɐˈsanɡəvʲɪt͡ɕ ɐmbəˈdɨkəf], born 27 October 1972 in Philadelphia), also known as Telo Tulku Rinpoche (Russian: Тэло Тулку Ринпоче), is the Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader of the Kalmyk people. He received his formal training as a bhikṣu in India and was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama as the current reincarnation of mahasiddha Tilopa.

Between 1992 and 2023, Telo Tulku served as the spiritual head (Shadjin Lama, Oirat: Шаҗн лама, romanized: Şacn lama, [ʃaˈd͡ʒən ˈlama]) of the Buddhists of Kalmykia. Until 2022, he divided his time between Kalmykia and his family in Erie, Colorado. He now lives in Mongolia.

Erdne Ombadykow was born in Philadelphia to working class, immigrant parents of Kalmyk origin as the youngest of brothers Tschon, Tseren, Dava, Jigmid, Jaba and sisters Marguerite, Gerel, and Rolma. As a child, Erdne determined that he wanted to be a Buddhist monk, the way other boys want to be policemen or firemen. By the age of seven, Erdne's parents permitted him to move to India where he would study Buddhism at a monastery until 1992. It was reported on ChessBase News, when asked why was he was sent to a monastery in India to be trained as a Buddhist monk at age seven, he said his family wanted one of the sons to become a monk, and he had shown the greatest interest. In New York he met the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, who recommended that he go to the Drepung Gomang Monastery in South India for proper training.^[1] While studying at the Drepung Gomang Monastery for 13 years, Erdne Ombadykow was recognized as the current reincarnation (Tulku) of Tilopa, a revered Buddhist saint.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ombadykow joined the Dalai Lama on his first visit to Kalmykia, a region whose once-rich Buddhist heritage was destroyed in the 1930s by the dual Soviet policies of collectivization and atheism. Upon arrival, the Dalai Lama named Ombadykow as the Šajin (Supreme) Lama of the Kalmyk people. As the spiritual leader, Ombadykow's role was to lead a Buddhist revival among the approximately 160,000 Kalmyks who live in Kalmykia.

At Ombadykow's first visit to Kalmykia, Buddhist services were held in a private home outside of Elista, which at a capacity of 30 to 40 people, stretching to 50 people on religious holidays.^[2]

As the only Kalmyk person with proper Buddhist training, Ombadykow soon determined that his responsibility as the Šajin Lama was too great a burden for he himself to bear as a 22-year-old. Moreover, he found that his formal monastic training did not prepare him for the role he was assigned. He neither spoke Kalmyk Oirat, nor was he familiar with the mentality of the people or the government.

Presumably these obstacles made him return to the United States in late 1994, renounce monastic life, and get married in 1995. However, after a self-imposed two-year exile, Ombadykow re-embraced his mission and returned to Kalmykia.

Since his return to Kalmykia, Telo Tulku has successfully led the revival of Buddhism. For example, as the Šajin Lama, Telo Tulku now administers 27 newly constructed temples and prayer houses and oversees the work of seven Tibetan lamas. He also has dispatched dozens of young Kalmyk men to India for formal monastic training. Finally, he has learned to speak Kalmyk and Russian.

Until the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Telo Tulku spent six months of the year in Elista and the remainder with his wife and son in the United States. When the war broke out, he relocated to Mongolia. On 1 October, Telo Tulku stated about the war that the Ukrainians were in the moral right, and saw them as "defenders of their land".^[3]

On 27 January 2023, he was recognized in Russia as a foreign agent.^[4] He was also stripped of the title of Šajin Lama, with that position going to Mutul Ovyanov.^[5]

• Buddhism in Kalmykia

• An Ex-Telemarketer's Other Life as a Buddhist Saint. The New York Times, 12 June 2004
• From Kalmykia With Love. Philadelphia City Paper, 22 July 2004
• The Trials of Telo Rinpoche (1993), a documentary about Telo Rinpoche's early experiences in Kalmykia, made by Ritu Sarin and Tenzing Sonam for the BBC.