Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk

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Thomas of Brotherton
Thomas depicted on a medieval roll
Earl of Norfolk
Reign	1312–1338
Successor	Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk
Born	1 June 1300 Brotherton, Yorkshire
Died	4 August 1338 Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England
Burial	Bury St Edmunds Abbey
Spouse	Alice de Hales Mary de Brewes
Issue	Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk Edward of Norfolk Alice of Norfolk
House	Plantagenet
Father	Edward I of England
Mother	Margaret of France

Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338), was the fifth son of King Edward I of England (1239–1307), and the eldest child by his second wife, Margaret of France, the daughter of King Philip III of France. He was, therefore, a younger half-brother of King Edward II (reigned 1307–1327) and a full brother of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent. He occupied the office of Earl Marshal of England.

Thomas of Brotherton was born 1 June 1300 at the manor house at Brotherton, Yorkshire, son of King Edward I of England and Margaret of France.^[1] His mother was on her way to Cawood, where her confinement was scheduled to take place.^[a] According to Hilton, Margaret was staying at Pontefract Castle and was following a hunt when she went into labour.^[3] The chronicler William Rishanger records that during the difficult delivery his mother prayed, as was the custom at the time, to Thomas Becket, and Thomas of Brotherton was thus named after the saint and his place of birth.^[2]

King Edward I hastened to the queen and the newborn baby and had Thomas presented with two cradles. His brother Edmund of Woodstock was born in the year after that. They were overseen by wet nurses until they were six years old. Like their parents, they learned to play chess and ride horses. They were visited by nobles and their half-sister Mary of Woodstock, who was a nun. Their mother often accompanied their father on his campaigns to Scotland, but kept herself well-informed on their well-being.^[3]

Thomas's father died when he was 7 years old. Thomas's half-brother Edward, became king of England (Edward II) and Thomas was heir presumptive until his nephew, the future King Edward III, was born in 1312.^[4][5] The Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for Thomas, but his brother the King instead bestowed it upon his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1306. When Thomas was ten years old, King Edward II assigned to him and his brother Edmund, the estates of Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who had died without heirs in 1306.

In 1312, Thomas was created Earl of Norfolk by Edward II, and on 10 February 1316, he was appointed Earl Marshal. While his brother was away fighting in Scotland, he was left Keeper of England. He was known for his hot and violent temper. He was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of the king's new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the Elder, who stole some of the young earl's lands.

He allied himself with Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer when they invaded England in 1326, and stood as one of the judges in the trials against both Despensers. When his nephew Edward III reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas, who had helped with the deposition,^[6] became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the right wing of the English army at the Battle of Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333.^[7]

Thomas died on 4 August 1338, and was buried in the choir of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds.^[2][8][9] As he had no surviving sons, Thomas was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, as Countess of Norfolk.^[2] She was later created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397.^[9]

As a son of Edward I of England, Thomas was entitled to bear the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England, differenced by a label argent of three points.

Thomas married, firstly, before 8 January 1326, Alice de Hales (d. bef. 12 October 1330), daughter of Sir Roger de Hales of Hales Hall in Loddon in Roughton, Norfolk, a coroner, by his wife, Alice Skogan, by whom he had a son and two daughters:^[10][2]

• Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who married firstly John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave,^[11] and secondly Wauthier de Masny.
• Edward of Norfolk, who married Beatrice Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, but died without issue before 9 August 1334.^[12]
• Alice of Norfolk, who married Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu.^[13]

Thomas's wife Alice died by October 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, Sussex.^[14]

Thomas married, secondly, before 4 April 1336, Mary de Brewes (died 11 June 1362), widow of Sir Ralph de Cobham (died 5 February 1326), and daughter of Sir Peter de Brewes^[2] (died before 7 February 1312) of Tetbury, Gloucestershire, by Agnes de Clifford (died before 1332), by whom he had no surviving issue.^[15][16]

• Archer, Rowena E. (2004). "'Brotherton, Margaret, suo jure duchess of Norfolk (c. 1320–1399)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/53070. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Childs, Wendy (1997). "Resistance and Treason in the Vita Edwardi Secundi". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, R. H.; Frame, Robin (eds.). Thirteenth Century England VI: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1995. The Boydell Press.
• Cokayne, George Edward (1936). The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden. Vol. IX. London: St. Catherine Press. pp. 596–9.
• Hilton, Lisa (2008). Queens Consort, England's Medieval Queens. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-7538-2611-9.
• Oman, Charles (1978). A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Routledge.
• Ormrod, W.M. (2011). Edward III. Yale University Press.
• Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. Yale University Press.
• Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966348.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1460992708.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Mitchell, Linda E. (2010). "Maud Marshal and Margaret Marshal: Two Viragos Extraordinaire". In French, Katherine L.; Biggs, Douglas L. (eds.). The Ties that Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt. Routledge. pp. 121–142.
• Waugh, Scott L. (2004). "Thomas, first earl of Norfolk (1300–1338)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27196. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

• Mortimer, Ian. The Greatest Traitor, 2003.