Zellweger syndrome

Zellweger syndrome
Other namesCerebrohepatorenal syndrome
Infant with Zellweger syndrome
SpecialtyMedical genetics Edit this on Wikidata
Complicationspneumonia and respiratory distress.

Zellweger syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of functional peroxisomes in the cells of an individual.[1] It is one of a family of disorders called Zellweger spectrum disorders which are leukodystrophies. Zellweger syndrome is named after Hans Zellweger (1909–1990), a Swiss-American pediatrician, a professor of pediatrics and genetics at the University of Iowa who researched this disorder.[2][3]

Signs and symptoms

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Zellweger syndrome is one of three peroxisome biogenesis disorders which belong to the Zellweger spectrum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD-ZSD).[4] The other two disorders are neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD).[5][6] Although all have a similar molecular basis for disease, Zellweger syndrome is the most severe of these three disorders.[7]

Zellweger syndrome is associated with impaired neuronal migration, neuronal positioning, and brain development.[4] In addition, individuals with Zellweger syndrome can show a reduction in central nervous system (CNS) myelin (particularly cerebral), which is referred to as hypomyelination. Myelin is critical for normal CNS functions, and in this regard, serves to insulate nerve fibers in the brain. Patients can also show postdevelopmental sensorineuronal degeneration that leads to a progressive loss of hearing and vision.[4]

Zellweger syndrome can also affect the function of many other organ systems. Patients can show craniofacial abnormalities (such as a high forehead, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, epicanthal folds, midface hypoplasia, and a large fontanelle), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), chondrodysplasia punctata (punctate calcification of the cartilage in specific regions of the body), eye abnormalities, and renal cysts.[4] Newborns may present with profound hypotonia (low muscle tone), seizures, apnea, and an inability to eat.[4][7]

Cause

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Autosomal recessive inheritance

Zellweger syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes that encode peroxins, proteins required for the normal assembly of peroxisomes. Most commonly, patients have mutations in the PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, or PEX26 genes.[8] In almost all cases, patients have mutations that inactivate or greatly reduce the activity of both the maternal and paternal copies of one these aforementioned PEX genes.[citation needed]

As a result of impaired peroxisome function, an individual's tissues and cells can accumulate very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) that are normally degraded in peroxisomes. The accumulation of these lipids can impair the normal function of multiple organ systems, as discussed above. In addition, these individuals can show deficient levels of plasmalogens, ether-phospholipids that are especially important for brain and lung function.[citation needed] Bile acid synthesis is defective due to lack of side chain modifications; for example, the last steps in the synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid involve beta-oxidation of the branched side chains of dihydroxycholestanoic acid or trihydroxycholestanoic acid, respectively, by peroxisomal enzymes.[9]

Diagnosis

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In addition to genetic tests involving the sequencing of PEX genes,[10][11] biochemical tests have proven highly effective for the diagnosis of Zellweger syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders. Typically, Zellweger syndrome patients show elevated very long chain fatty acids in their blood plasma. Cultured primary skin fibroblasts obtained from patients show elevated very long chain fatty acids, impaired very long chain fatty acid beta-oxidation, phytanic acid alpha-oxidation, pristanic acid alpha-oxidation, and plasmalogen biosynthesis.[4]

Treatment

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The nutrient malabsorption resulting from a lack of bile acids has resulted in elemental formula being suggested for feeding. They are low in fat, with less than 3 per cent of calories being derived from long-chain triglycerides (LCT). However, reducing dietary very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) has not been shown to reduce blood VLCFA levels,[12][13] likely because humans can endogenously produce most VLCFA. Plasma VLCFA levels are decreased when dietary VLCFA is reduced in conjunction with supplementation of Lorenzo's oil (a 4:1 mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate) in X-ALD patients.[14] Since docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synthesis is impaired [15] [59], DHA supplementation was recommended, but a placebo-controlled study has since shown no clinical efficacy.[16] Due to defective bile acid synthesis, fat-soluble supplements of vitamins A, D, E, and K are recommended.[citation needed]

Prognosis

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Currently, no cure for Zellweger syndrome is known, nor is there a standard course of treatment. In November 2023, at five months old, Christopher Donald Miller was the first patient with Zellweger Syndrome in the United States to have a bone marrow transplant. He did pass away at seven months old of veno-occlusive disease.[17] Infections should be guarded against to prevent such complications as pneumonia and respiratory distress. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Patients usually do not survive beyond one year of age.[4]

References

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  1. ^ Brul, S.; Westerveld, A.; Strijland, A.; Wanders, R.; Schram, A.; Heymans, H.; Schutgens, R.; Van Den Bosch, H.; Tager, J. (June 1988). "Genetic heterogeneity in the cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) syndrome and other inherited disorders with a generalized impairment of peroxisomal functions. A study using complementation analysis". Journal of Clinical Investigation (Free full text). 81 (6): 1710–1715. doi:10.1172/JCI113510. PMC 442615. PMID 2454948.
  2. ^ Zellweger's syndrome at Who Named It?
  3. ^ Wiedemann, H. R. (1991). "Hans-Ulrich Zellweger (1909-1990)". European Journal of Pediatrics. 150 (7): 451. doi:10.1007/BF01958418. PMID 1915492. S2CID 34905299.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Steinberg, S.; Dodt, G.; Raymond, G.; Braverman, N.; Moser, A.; Moser, H. (2006). "Peroxisome biogenesis disorders". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1763 (12): 1733–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.010. PMID 17055079.
  5. ^ GeneReviews: Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders, Zellweger Syndrome Spectrum
  6. ^ Krause, C.; Rosewich, H.; Thanos, M.; Gärtner, J. (2006). "Identification of novel mutations in PEX2, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, and PEX13 in Zellweger spectrum patients". Human Mutation. 27 (11): 1157. doi:10.1002/humu.9462. PMID 17041890. S2CID 9905589.
  7. ^ a b Raymond, G. V.; Watkins, P.; Steinberg, S.; Powers, J. (2009). "Peroxisomal Disorders". Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. pp. 631–670. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30378-9_26. ISBN 978-0-387-30345-1.
  8. ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Zellweger syndrome; ZS - 214100
  9. ^ Sundaram SS, Bove KE, Lovell MA, Sokol RJ (2008). "Mechanisms of Disease: inborn errors of bile acid synthesis". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 5 (8): 456–468. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep1179. PMC 3888787. PMID 18577977.
  10. ^ Steinberg, S.; Chen, L.; Wei, L.; Moser, A.; Moser, H.; Cutting, G.; Braverman, N. (2004). "The PEX Gene Screen: molecular diagnosis of peroxisome biogenesis disorders in the Zellweger syndrome spectrum". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 83 (3): 252–263. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.08.008. PMID 15542397.
  11. ^ Yik, W. Y.; Steinberg, S. J.; Moser, A. B.; Moser, H. W.; Hacia, J. G. (2009). "Identification of novel mutations and sequence variation in the Zellweger syndrome spectrum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders". Human Mutation. 30 (3): E467–E480. doi:10.1002/humu.20932. PMC 2649967. PMID 19105186.
  12. ^ Van Duyn, MA; Moser, AE; Brown FR, 3rd; et al. (August 1984). "The design of a diet restricted in saturated very long-chain fatty acids: therapeutic application in adrenoleukodystrophy". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 40 (2): 277–84. doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.2.277. PMID 6465061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Brown FR, 3rd; Van Duyn, MA; Moser, AB; et al. (October 1982). "Adrenoleukodystrophy: effects of dietary restriction of very long chain fatty acids and of administration of carnitine and clofibrate on clinical status and plasma fatty acids". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 151 (4): 164–72. PMID 7120720.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Moser, AB; Borel, J; Odone, A; et al. (March 1987). "A new dietary therapy for adrenoleukodystrophy: biochemical and preliminary clinical results in 36 patients". Annals of Neurology. 21 (3): 240–9. doi:10.1002/ana.410210305. PMID 2440378. S2CID 29043456.
  15. ^ Martinez, M (26 June 1992). "Abnormal profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain, liver, kidney and retina of patients with peroxisomal disorders". Brain Research. 583 (1–2): 171–82. doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(10)80021-6. PMID 1504825. S2CID 20508763.
  16. ^ Paker, AM; Sunness, JS; Brereton, NH; et al. (31 August 2010). "Docosahexaenoic acid therapy in peroxisomal diseases: results of a double-blind, randomized trial". Neurology. 75 (9): 826–30. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f07061. PMC 3013498. PMID 20805528.
  17. ^ Missing reference
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  • Steinberg SJ, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, et al. (2020). Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.). "Zellweger Spectrum Disorder". GeneReviews® [Internet]. University of Washington. PMID 20301621. NBK1448.
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