کاربر نهایی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

در توسعه محصول، کاربرِ نهایی (به انگلیسی: End user)، شخصی است که در نهایت از کالایی استفاده می‌کند یا قرار است در نهایت از آن استفاده کند.^[۱]^[۲]^[۳] کاربر نهایی در مقابل کاربرانی است که محصول را پشتیبانی یا نگهداری می‌کنند.^[۴] برای مثال اپراتورهای سیستم، مدیران سیستم، مدیران پایگاه داده،^[۵]کارشناسان فناوری اطلاعات، متخصصان نرم‌افزار و تکنسین‌های کامپیوتر هیچ‌کدام کاربر نهایی در نظر گرفته نمی‌شوند. کاربران نهایی معمولاً از درک فنی یا مهارت‌های طراحان محصول برخوردار نیستند،^[۶] واقعیتی که به راحتی توسط طراحان نادیده گرفته شده و فراموش می‌شود که در نهایت منجر به کاهش رضایت مشتری می‌شود.^[۲] در فناوری اطلاعات، کاربران نهایی، «مشتری» به معنای معمول نیستند، بلکه آنها معمولاً کارمندان مشتری هستند.^[۷] برای مثال، اگر یک شرکت بزرگ یک بسته نرم‌افزاری برای استفاده کارمندان خود خریداری کند، اگرچه شرکت بزرگ «مشتری» نرم‌افزار است، اما این کارمندان آن شرکت هستند که کاربر نهایی محسوب می‌شوند.

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منابع

↑ Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms. Barron's Business Guides (8 ed.). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series. 2003. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7641-2166-1. OCLC 50480181. the person ultimately intended to use a product
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Howe, Denis (1997-03-29). "FOLDOC entry for "end-user"". foldoc.org. London. Retrieved 2015-06-28. The person who uses a computer application, as opposed to those who developed or support it.
↑ Legal Information Institute. "U.S. Code § 8541 - Definitions". www.law.cornell.edu. U.S. Code. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2015-06-28. The term “end-user”, with respect to a good, service, or technology, means the person that receives and ultimately uses the good, service, or technology.
↑ FIPS Task Group on Database Management System Standards (1979). Recommendations for Database Management System Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. p. 58. OCLC 6862471. The end users are persons who perform the application functions. End users include "parametric users" and generalized function users, but they are not system support personnel.
↑ Shepherd, John C. (1990). Database Management: Theory and Application. Homewood, Illinois: Irwin Professional Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-256-07829-9. OCLC 20491157.
↑ O'Neil, Patrick (1994). Database Principles Programming Performance. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-55860-219-9. OCLC 30777731. One of the most important features of a DBMS is that relatively inexperienced users, called end users, are empowered to retrieve information from the database. The user poses a query at the terminal keyboard, requesting the database system to display the answer on a terminal screen or on a printed sheet.
↑ Chrissis, Mary Beth; Konrad, Mike; Shrum, Sandy (2011). CMMI for Development: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Addison-Wesley. p. 581. ISBN 978-0-321-71150-2. OCLC 884168009. A party that ultimately uses a delivered product or that receives the benefit of a delivered service. (See also "customer".) End users may or may not also be customers (who can establish and accept agreements or authorize payments).

[1] Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms. Barron's Business Guides (8 ed.). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series. 2003. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7641-2166-1. OCLC 50480181. the person ultimately intended to use a product

[FOLDOC-2] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Howe, Denis (1997-03-29). "FOLDOC entry for "end-user"". foldoc.org. London. Retrieved 2015-06-28. The person who uses a computer application, as opposed to those who developed or support it.

[3] Legal Information Institute. "U.S. Code § 8541 - Definitions". www.law.cornell.edu. U.S. Code. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2015-06-28. The term “end-user”, with respect to a good, service, or technology, means the person that receives and ultimately uses the good, service, or technology.

[4] FIPS Task Group on Database Management System Standards (1979). Recommendations for Database Management System Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. p. 58. OCLC 6862471. The end users are persons who perform the application functions. End users include "parametric users" and generalized function users, but they are not system support personnel.

[5] Shepherd, John C. (1990). Database Management: Theory and Application. Homewood, Illinois: Irwin Professional Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-256-07829-9. OCLC 20491157.

[6] O'Neil, Patrick (1994). Database Principles Programming Performance. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-55860-219-9. OCLC 30777731. One of the most important features of a DBMS is that relatively inexperienced users, called end users, are empowered to retrieve information from the database. The user poses a query at the terminal keyboard, requesting the database system to display the answer on a terminal screen or on a printed sheet.

[7] Chrissis, Mary Beth; Konrad, Mike; Shrum, Sandy (2011). CMMI for Development: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Addison-Wesley. p. 581. ISBN 978-0-321-71150-2. OCLC 884168009. A party that ultimately uses a delivered product or that receives the benefit of a delivered service. (See also "customer".) End users may or may not also be customers (who can establish and accept agreements or authorize payments).

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