アルファプロテオバクテリア綱
アルファプロテオバクテリア綱 | |||||||||
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![]() ![]() タイプ属カウロバクター属(Caulobacter)のタイプ種カウロバクター・ビブリオイデス(Caulobacter vibrioides)の顕微鏡画像。鞭毛を持つ遊走細胞と、付属器を伸ばす有柄細胞とが結合している。 | |||||||||
分類 | |||||||||
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学名 | |||||||||
Alphaproteobacteria Garrity et al. 2006[1] (IJSEMリストに記載 2006)[2] | |||||||||
タイプ属 | |||||||||
カウロバクター属 Caulobacter Henrici and Johnson 1935[3] (IJSEMリストに記載 1980)[4] 修正 Abraham et al. 1999[5] (IJSEMリストに記載 1980)[6] | |||||||||
シノニム | |||||||||
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下位分類(目)(2024年6月現在)[19] | |||||||||
本文を参照 |
アルファプロテオバクテリア綱(ーこう、Alphaproteobacteria)は細菌ドメインのPseudomonadota門の綱の一つである[20]。生態は光合成細菌から植物共生菌まで非常に多様である。ミトコンドリアの祖先にあたる生物が属していたグループとしても知られ、アルファプロテオバクテリアの進化についての研究は真核生物の起源を探る上で重要である。グラム陰性であるが、細胞内寄生種はペプチドグリカンを持たず、したがってグラム染色試験での結果は陽性になることもある[19]。ベータプロテオバクテリアおよびガンマプロテオバクテリアと近縁である。
特徴
[編集]![]() | この節に雑多な内容が羅列されています。 |
アルファプロテオバクテリア綱は非常に多様な生物群である。ある属は光栄養細菌であり、その一部はC1化合物を代謝する(例:Methylobacterium spp.)。またある属は植物共生細菌であり(例: Rhizobium spp.)、ある属は節足動物の内生菌であり(Wolbachia属)、ある属は細胞内侵襲性の感染菌である(例: Rickettsia属)。すでに絶滅したが、アルファプロテオバクテリア綱の細菌にはかつて真核生物の細胞に侵入して現在のミトコンドリアとなったプロトミトコンドリアがいた(細胞内共生説)[21]。Rhizobium radiobacter (過去のAgrobacterium tumefaciens)は植物細胞に外来DNAを転移させるために用いられる[22]。Pelagibacter ubiqueといった好気性の非酸素光栄養細菌はアルファプロテオバクテリア綱であり、外洋の微生物コミュニティの10%以上を構成すると考えられている海中プランクトンである。
下位分類(目)
[編集]アルファプロテオバクテリアの系統関係については大まかな合意はあるものの、いくつかの目(order)については議論が続いている(例えばペラジバクター目、 リケッチア目、ホロスポラ目)[21]。他の細菌や古細菌と同様、その分類や系統関係については現在も絶えず改定が続いている[23][24]。NCBIのデータベースでは現在20の目が設定されている[25]。一方、GTDBでは35の目が設定されている[26]。分子系統解析とアルファプロテオバクテリアのゲノムに特徴的なインデルの分析[27]により、アルファプロテオバクテリア綱の分岐は細菌ドメインの中ではかなり遅く、ベータプロテオバクテリア綱とガンマプロテオバクテリア綱のみがアルファプロテオバクテリア綱より後に分岐したと推定されている[28][29]。
アルファプロテオバクテリアのうち、最も早くに分岐したのはマグネトコッカス目(Magnetococcales)であることはおおむね支持されているが、この目をアルファプロテオバクテリアに含めるかについては議論があり、独立した目(イータプロテオバクテリア[Etaproteobacteria])の設立も提案されている[30][31](ただし、2021年現在も認められていない)。2018年の研究では、ミトコンドリアはマグネトコッカス目を除く全てのアルファプロテオバクテリアに対して姉妹群となることが示唆された[32]。これはミトコンドリアにつながる祖先の系統分岐がアルファプロテオバクテリア綱内で非常に早く起こったことを示している。またミトコンドリアの系統が、リケッチア目と近縁ではあるものの、独立した系統群を形成することも示唆している。
IJSEMに承認された目
[編集]- Gieszczykiewicz 1939[52] (IJSEMリストに掲載 1980)[4]、修正 Brenner et al. 1993[53] (IJSEMリストに記載 1994)[54]、修正 Dumler et al. 2001[55] (IJSEMリストに記載 2002)[56]
IJSEMに未承認の目
[編集]- "Parvularculales" パルブラルキュラ目
- "Candidatus Pelagibacterales" ペラギバクター目
- "Candidatus Puniceispirillales"
- Chuvochina et al. 2023[16]
系統樹
[編集]アルファプロテオバクテリア綱の分類体系は"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature"(LPSN)[19]と米国立生物工学情報センター(NCBI)[25]で公開されている。下記の系統樹は呼吸複合体IのサブユニットNuoLを用いて2022年に作成されたものである[65]。
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自然遺伝子形質転換
[編集]アルファプロテオバクテリア綱の自然遺伝子形質転換の過程についてはAgrobacterium tumefaciens[66]、Methylobacterium organophilum[67]、およびBradyrhizobium japonicum[68]で明らかになっている。形質転換はDNAをある細胞から別の細胞に移動させる過程であり、相同組換えによって供給DNAは受容ゲノムに組み込まれる。
脚注
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関連項目
[編集]外部リンク
[編集]ウィキスピーシーズには、アルファプロテオバクテリア綱に関する情報があります。
- Alphaproteobacteria - MeSH・アメリカ国立医学図書館・生命科学用語シソーラス
- Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria.