Ambipolar electric field - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There is at least one polarization electric field, in the atmosphere of Earth. Research on electric fields, are part of physics.

Claims were made (in 2024), that some voltages in an ambipolar electric field in the Ionosphere, were measured (in 2022).

The ambipolar electric field ^[2] is an electric field responsible for the Polar wind (or Plasma fountain), an effect in the upper atmosphere,^[3]about 150 miles (240 km) above the surface of the earth.

Several voltage measurements were done in the onosphere, during a rocket-flight in 2022.

In August 2024, research was published about the different voltages that were measured. The research was published in an article in Nature. The article was peer reviewed (by a team of science experts).

The ambipolar electric field causes the polar winds which have been recorded by spacecraft passing over the poles of Earth.^[3][4] The plasma fountain (or polar wind), moves

• electrons
• hydrogen ions (H⁺)
• helium ions (He⁺)
• oxygen ions (O⁺)

These three (kinds of ions, or) ion species reach supersonic (speeds or) velocities above 7000km altitude; By 50,000km altitude, these (three) mentioned ion species, have reached [ 'double supersonic' speeds or] velocities.^[5]: 1976

Movement of air is not known to happen in any significant way, by plasma fountain (or polar wind).

The polarization or^[6] ambipolar electric field was measured in 2022 by a rocket launched from Svalbard; That electric field was directly measured; The rocket that did the measurement, was a sounding rocket.

The strength of the field was first measured by the NASA mission called Endurance, in 2022. The sub-orbital mission launched from Svalbard Rocket Range in Norway, and landed in the Greenland Sea after taking the measurements.^[7]

Endurance launched on May 11, 2022, and reached a height of c. 477 miles (c. 768 kilometers), splashing down 19 minutes later in the Greenland Sea. Across the 322-mile height range where it collected data, Endurance measured a change in electric potential of only 0.55 volts.^[3]

The measurement (is not sure, or) has uncertainty: The voltage can be anywhere from 0.46 volts to 0.64 volts. Another way of saying that, is that the measurement has uncertainty of 0.09 volts, according to the article in Nature.

In regard to later measurements (of an ambipolar electrical field in the ionosphere): Later measurements have not been published (as of 2024's third quarter).

Media sometimes talks about supersonic in space (and thereby also, the speed of sound in space). Furthermore, sometimes one then uses a number (or value) for supersonic speed in the Earth's atmosphere, and calls that supersonic in space. By simplifying one idea, it sometimes is a help in explaining another idea (such as things traveling in space at 'twice the speed of sound').

Research paper (year 2019) in regard to planet Mars: The ionosphere of planet Mars, has an ambipolar electric field, according to a research paper.^[8]

There is "a global electrostatic field between the ionosphere and space"^[9] (called the ambipolar or polarization field), according to media.

All ambipolar electric fields, are a kind of polarization electric field.

The existence of ambipolar electric field [in different places], was hypothesized (suggested) in^{[dubious – discuss]} 1955.^[10]

Much research has been done on Plasma fountain (or Polar wind).^[5] Satellites have been used (since the 1960's), when doing research.^[5] Some of them are ISIS-2, Dynamics Explorer, the Akebono satellite, and the Polar satellite.^[5] That research has covered different places above the surface of Earth.^[5] Those places are at different altitudes and latitudes.^[5] Research has also been done at different times of [one or more] solar cycles.^[5]

In 2007, a research paper said that Plasma fountain (or Polar wind) is "an ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma from the [the ionosphere near the North pole and South pole, or] high-latitude ionosphere"; That plasma moves from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere.^[11]

NASA ran the rocket project. NASA published an article on the same day that the article in Nature was published. NASA's article says that the ambipolar electric field (that was measured by equipment that traveled with the rocket), is one of three known energy fields around the planet Earth. The other two are gravity and the magnetic field.^[12][4]

• Ionosphere