Ghurid dynasty - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ghurid dynasty
786–1215
Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor.[1][2][3] In the west, Ghurid territory extended to Nishapur and Merv,[4][5] while Ghurid troops reached as far as Gorgan on the shores of the Caspian Sea.[6][7] Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as Bengal.[8]
Capital	Firozkoh[9] Herat[10] Ghazni (1170s–1215)[11]
Common languages	Persian (court, literature)[12][13]
Religion	Before 1011: Paganism[14] From 1011: Sunni Islam[15]
Government	Hereditary monarchy Diarchy (1173–1206)
Malik/Sultan
• 8th-century	Amir Banji (first)
• 1214–1215	Zia al-Din Ali (last)
History
• Established	786
• Disestablished	1215
Area
1200 est.[16]	2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Ghaznavids Great Seljuq Empire Chahamanas of Shakambhari Gahadavala dynasty Khwarazmian Empire Khalji dynasty of Bengal Delhi Sultanate Qarlughids

The Ghūrids, or Ghorids (Pashto; سلطنت غوريان self-designation: شنسبانی, Shansabānī), were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of pashtun origin from the Ghurid region of present-day central Afghanistan, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain although they are commonly said to have been Pashtuns.^[17] The dynasty converted to Sunni Islam from Buddhism^[18][15] after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. The dynasty overthrew the Ghaznavid Empire in 1186 when Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad of Ghor conquered the last Ghaznavid capital of Lahore.^[19]

1. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "g".
2. ↑ Eaton 2019, p. 38. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEaton2019 (help)
3. ↑ Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. pp. 432–433. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
4. ↑ Thomas 2018, p. 26, Figure I:2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2018 (help)
5. ↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. p. 37, Map 16.2. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.
6. ↑ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 1998. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1. In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid control
7. ↑ Bosworth 2001b. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth2001b (help)
8. ↑ Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill. 2020. p. 237. ISBN 978-90-04-43736-4. In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b. Sām
9. ↑ Auer 2021, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAuer2021 (help)
10. ↑ Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by David Thomas, p. 18.
11. ↑ The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set, by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108.
12. ↑ The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids, C.E. Bosworth, Iran, Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in Persian"
13. ↑ O'Neal 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFO'Neal2015 (help)
14. ↑ Minorsky, Vladmir (1970). Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World,". Leningrad: University Press, Oxford. p. 110. ISBN 9780906094037.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} The Ghurids, K.A. Nizami, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178.
16. ↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
17. ↑ Bosworth 2001b, pp. 586–590. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth2001b (help)
18. ↑ Satish Chandra, Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526), Part 1, (Har-Anand Publications, 2006), 22.
19. ↑ Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan in Far East Kingdoms: Persia and the East

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