Kural - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Author | Valluvar |
---|---|
Original title | திருக்குறள் |
Working title | Kural |
Country | India |
Language | Old Tamil |
Series | Eighteen Lesser Texts |
Subject | |
Genre | Poetry |
Set in | Probably after the Sangam era (c. 500 CE or earlier) |
Publication date | 1812 (first known printed edition, older palm-leaf manuscripts exist)[3] |
Published in English | 1794 |
Original text | திருக்குறள் at Tamil Wikisource |
Translation | Tirukkuṟaḷ at Wikisource |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
The Tirukkuṟaḷ or shortly the Kural is a classic Tamil language text. It has 1,330 short couplets (two-line poem parts), or kurals, of seven words each.[4]
The text is divided into three books with aphorisms (sayings) on virtue, wealth and love.[1][5][6] It is thought as one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality. It is also known for its all-inclusiveness and secular nature.[7][8]
History
[change | change source]People say Thiruvalluvar wrote the work. The text has been dated between 300 BCE and the 5th century CE. [9]
The Kural text is among the earliest systems of Indian epistemology (way of thinking of knowledge) and metaphysics (way of thinking of reality and being). The Kural is traditionally praised with epithets such as "the Tamil Veda" and "the Divine Book".[10][11]
Contents
[change | change source]Written on the ideas of ahimsa (non-violence),[12][13][14][15][16] it draws attention to non-violence and moral vegetarianism as good things for a person to do.[17][18][19][20][21][a] It highlights truthfulness, controlling your emotions and reactions, thankfulness, hospitality, kindness, goodness of one's wife, duty, giving, and so forth.[22] It covers many social and political topics such as kings, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of armies and soldier's honor, death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, not drinking alcohol and things that make people drunk or high.[23][24][25] It has chapters on friendship, love, sexual unions, and home life.[22][26] The text permanently redefined the cultural values of the Tamil land.[27]
Reputation
[change | change source]The Kural has been liked and respected by experts from ethical, social, political, economic, religious, philosophical, and spiritual fields.[28] These include Ilango Adigal, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Ramalinga Swamigal, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Karl Graul, George Uglow Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky, and Yu Hsi. The work remains the most translated, the most referred-to, and the most cited of Tamil literary works.[29]
The text has been translated into at least 40 languages. This made it one of the most translated ancient works. Ever since it was printed for the first time in 1812, the Kural text has never been out of print.[30] Its author is praised for selecting the best virtues found in the known books and showing them in an manner that most people understand.[31] The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long revered and celebrated the text.[19]
Citations
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sundaram 1990, pp. 7–16.
- ↑ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 156–168.
- ↑ Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013, p. 115.
- ↑ Pillai, 1994.
- ↑ Blackburn 2000, pp. 449–482.
- ↑ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 157–158.
- ↑ Lal 1992, pp. 4333–4334, 4341.
- ↑ Holmström, Krishnaswamy, and Srilata, 2009, p. 5.
- ↑ Zvelebil 1975, p. 124.
- ↑ Zvelebil 1973, p. 156.
- ↑ Cutler, 1992.
- ↑ Chakravarthy Nainar, 1953.
- ↑ Krishna, 2017.
- ↑ Thani Nayagam, 1971, p. 252.
- ↑ Sanjeevi, 2006, p. 84.
- ↑ Krishnamoorthy, 2004, pp. 206–208.
- ↑ Dharani 2018, p. 101.
- ↑ Das 1997, pp. 11–12.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Zvelebil 1973, pp. 156–171.
- ↑ Sundaram 1990, p. 13.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Zvelebil 1973, pp. 160–163.
- ↑ Hikosaka & Samuel 1990, p. 200.
- ↑ Ananthanathan, 1994, pp. 151–154.
- ↑ Kaushik Roy 2012, pp. 151–154.
- ↑ Lal 1992, pp. 4333–4334.
- ↑ Thamizhannal, 2004, p. 146.
- ↑ Sundaramurthi, 2000, p. 624.
- ↑ Maharajan, 2017, p. 19.
- ↑ Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013, p. 29.
- ↑ Chellammal, 2015, p. 119.
References
[change | change source]Classical primary sources
[change | change source]- Alathur Kilar. Kḻuvāi Illai!, புறநானூறு [Puranānuru] (Verse 34), See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
- Avvaiyar.
ta:திருவள்ளுவமாலை. Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar (commentator). Wikisource.
- Ilango Adigal, சிலப்பதிகாரம் [Silappathigāram], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
- Kambar, கம்பராமாயணம் [Kambarāmāyanam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
- Manakkudavar (1917). திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram]. V. O. C. Pillai (Ed.) (1 ed.). Chennai: V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. 152 pp.
- Manakkudavar (2003). திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary]. C. Meiyyappan (Ed.). Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam. 370 pp.
- Parimelalhagar (2009). திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும் [Tirukkural Original Text and Parimelalhagar Commentary]. Compiled by V. M. Gopalakrishnamachariyar. Chennai: Uma Padhippagam. 1456 pp.
- Seethalai Sāthanār, மணிமேகலை [Manimekalai], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
- Sekkiḻar, பெரிய புராணம் [Periya Puranam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
- Valluvar.
ta:திருக்குறள். Wikisource. See original text in Project Madurai.
Modern secondary sources
[change | change source]Books
[change | change source]- Flood, Gavin (2004). The Ascetic Self: Subjectivity, Memory and Tradition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–89 with notes. ISBN 978-0521604017.
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- Anonymous (1999). Confucius: A Biography (Trans. Lun Yu, in English). Confucius Publishing Co. Ltd.
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- S. N. Kandasamy (2017). திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (அறத்துப்பால்) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Aram]. Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam.
- Kandasamy, S. N. (2020). திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (பெருட்பால், பகுதி 1) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Porul, Part 1]. Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam.
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- Roma Chatterjee, ed. (2021). India: Society, Religion and Literature in Ancient and Medieval Periods (1st ed.). New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. ISBN 978-9354091223.
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- Chakravarthy, A. (1953). Tirukkural. Madras: The Diocesan Press.
- Blackburn, Stuart (2006). Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8178241494.
- C. Dhandapani Desikar (1975). வள்ளுவரும் கம்பரும் [Valluvar and Kambar]. Annamalai Nagar: Annamalai University Press.
- W. J. Johnson (2009). A dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198610250. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- Takahashi, Takanobu (1999), "The Treatment of King and State in the Tirukkural", Kingship in Indian History, New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 53–54
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- Kowmareeshwari, ed. (2012). பதினெண்கீழ்கணக்கு நூல்கள் [Eighteen Lesser Texts]. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam.
- Kowmareeshwari, ed. (2012). அகநானூறு, புறநானூறு [Agananuru, Purananuru]. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam.
- Thamizhannal (2004). உலகத் தமிழிலக்கிய வரலாறு (தொன்மை முதல் கி.பி.500 வரை) [History of World Tamil Literature: Antiquity to 500 CE] (in Tamil) (1st ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.
- Ravindra Kumar (1999). Morality and Ethics in Public Life. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8170997153. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
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- Kathir Mahadevan (1985). Oppilakkiya Nokkil Sanga Kaalam [Sangam Period from a Comparative Study Perspective] (Third ed.). Chennai: Macmillan India Limited.
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- Sujit Mukherjee (1999). A dictionary of Indian literature. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8125014539. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- P. R. Natarajan (2008). Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal (in Tamil) (1st ed.). Chennai: Uma Padhippagam.
- 'Navalar' R. Nedunchezhiyan (1991). திருக்குறள் நாவலர் தெளிவுரை (Tirukkural Navalar Commentary) (1 ed.). Chennai: Navalar Nedunchezhiyan Kalvi Arakkattalai.
- Iraikuruvanar (2009). திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புகள் [Unique features of the Tirukkural] (in Tamil) (1 ed.). Chennai: Iraiyagam.
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- Herbert Arthur Popley (1931). The Sacred Kural. Calcutta and London.
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Journals and magazines
[change | change source]- A. K. Ananthanathan (1994). "Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural". East and West. 44 (2/4): 315–326. JSTOR 29757156.
- Karthik Bhatt (March 16–31, 2020). "Arupathu Moovar – 110 years ago". Madras Musings. XXIX (23).
- Blackburn, Stuart (2000). "Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (2): 449–482. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003632. S2CID 144101632. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- "Veganism, a superior way of life". Business Economics. Kolkata. 1 April 2017.
- Chendroyaperumal, Chendrayan (2011). "Indian Management Ideas – Part-1: General Management". SSRN 1814582.
- Pradeep Chakravarthy and Ramesh Ramachandran (16–31 August 2009). "Thiruvalluvar's shrine". Madras Musings. XIX (9). Retrieved 13 May 2017.
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It is a work based on the doctrine of Ahimsa; and throughout, you have the praising of this Ahmisa dharma and the criticism of views opposed to this. (From A. Chakravarthy, Tirukkural, Madras: The Diocesan Press, 1953)
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Ahimsa is the ruling principle of Indian life from the very earliest times. ... This positive spiritual attitude is easily explained to the common man in a negative way as "ahimsa" and hence this way of denoting it. Tiruvalluvar speaks of this as "kollaamai" or "non-killing."