软腭化齿龈边音 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
软腭化齿龈边音 | |
---|---|
lˠ | |
lˤ | |
ɫ | |
IPA編號 | 209 |
編碼 | |
HTML碼(十進制) | lˠ |
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+006C U+02E0 |
X-SAMPA音標 | 5 、l_G 或l_?\ |
ASCII音標 | l<vzd> |
音頻範例 | |
软腭化齒齦邊音(velarized alveolar lateral approximant)是輔音的一種。它与常规的齒齦邊音一样,为浊辅音。X-SAMPA音標的符號为l。
它是齿龈音、齿齿龈音或齿边近音,附带二次调音,即软腭化或咽化。
表示此音一般的国际音标是⟨lˠ⟩(软腭化边音)和⟨lˤ⟩(咽化边音),不过已在使用的⟨ɫ⟩可能更普遍,且同时涵盖软腭化和咽化变体。
若这个音是齿音或齿齿龈音,可以用齿音变音符号来表明:⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.
软腭化和喉化通常和更齿化的舌冠音相联系,那么软腭化l倾向于是齿音或齿齿龈音。未软腭化l倾向于后移为齿龈音。[1]
在某些语言中,软腭化齒齦邊音 [ɫ] 是齒齦邊音 [l] 的一个同位异音。因此,在宽式记音中,与常规的齒齦邊音 /l/ 将不予以区分。
特征
[编辑]见于
[编辑]语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
巴什基尔语 | ҡала/qala | [qɑˈɫɑ] | 城 | 软腭化齿近音;在后元音环境下出现。 | |
白俄罗斯语[2] | Беларусь/belarus' | [bʲɛɫ̪äˈruɕ] | 白俄罗斯 | 舌叶齿齿龈音;和腭化形式对立。参见白俄罗斯语音系 | |
加泰罗尼亚语[3][4] | altres | [ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺] | 其他 | 舌叶齿齿龈音。/l/在/t, d/前的同位异音。[4]参见加泰罗尼亚语音系 | |
古典亚美尼亚语[3][4] | ղեկ/ġek | [ɫɛk] | 舵 | ||
冰岛语[5] | sigldi | [s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ] | 已航的 | 舌叶齿齿龈音;罕见。参见冰岛语音系 | |
卡舒比语 | 老年东南方言使用者[6] | [比如?] | 舌叶齿齿龈音;被其他使用者实现为[w]。[6] | ||
立陶宛语[7] | labas | [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪] | 嗨 | 舌叶齿齿龈音;和腭化形式对立。参见立陶宛语音系 | |
马其顿语[8] | лук/luk | [ɫ̪uk] | 咖喱 | 舌叶齿齿龈音。只出现在后元音(/u, o, a/)之后和韵尾。参见马其顿语音系 | |
挪威语 | 东部标准口音[7][9] | tale | [ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə] | 演说 | 舌叶齿齿龈音。/l/在/ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/后的同位异音,且有时也在/u, uː/后出现。[9]但据Endresen (1990),这个变体没有软腭化。[10]参见挪威语音系 |
波兰语 | 东部方言[11] | łapa | [ˈɫ̪äpä] | 爪 | 舌叶齿齿龈音。标准音中和/w/对立。参见波兰语音系 |
俄语[12] | малый/malyy | [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] | 小 | 咽化舌叶齿齿龈音。参见俄语音系 | |
苏格兰盖尔语[13] | Mallaig | [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] | 马莱格 | 和/l/与/ʎ/对立。参见苏格兰盖尔语音系 | |
土耳其语[14][15] | lala | [ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä] | 仆人 | 舌叶齿齿龈音;和腭化龈后边音[l̠]对立。[14][15]参见土耳其語音系 |
齿龈音
[编辑]语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南非语 | 标准音[16][17] | tafel | [ˈtɑːfəɫ] | 桌子 | 所有位置都是软腭化,特别是不在元音前时。[16][17]参见南非语音系 |
阿尔巴尼亚语 | 标准音 | llullë | [ˈɫuɫə] | 烟囱 | |
阿拉伯语 | 标准音[18] | الله/ʼAllah | [ʔɑɫˈɫɑːh] | 神 | 也被记为⟨lˤ⟩。许多变体以[l]代替。参见阿拉伯语音系 |
加泰罗尼亚语[3] | 东部方言 | cel·la | [ˈsɛɫːə] | 细胞 | 舌尖音。许多方言中都可以是软腭音。参见加泰罗尼亚语音系 |
西部方言 | alt | [aɫ(t)] | 高 | ||
荷兰语 | 标准音[19] | mallen | [ˈmɑɫ̻ə] | 模具 | 舌叶音;北部口音咽化;南部口音软腭化或后软腭化。是/l/在辅音、停顿或后开元音/ɔ, ɑ/前的同位异音。很多北部使用者将末尾的/l/实现为强咽化元音[ɤˤ],但部分标准比利时荷兰语母语者将/l/ 用在所有位置。[19]参见荷兰语音系 |
部分荷兰口音[20] | laten | [ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə] | 让 | 咽化舌叶音;/l/在所有位置的实现。[20]参见荷兰语音系 | |
英语[21] | 澳大利亚英语 | sail | [seɪ̯ɫ] | 航行 | 常是舌叶音;在北美、澳大利亚和新西兰可以都是软腭音。参见澳大利亚英语音系、英语音系 |
加拿大英语 | |||||
都柏林英语 | |||||
通用美国英语 | |||||
新西兰英语 | |||||
标准英音 | |||||
南非英语 | |||||
苏格兰英语 | loch | [ɫɔx] | 湖 | 除了一部分苏格兰盖尔语借词之外都可以是软腭音。 | |
希腊语 | 北部方言[22] | μπάλα/bálla | [ˈbaɫa] | 球 | /l/在/a o u/前的同位异音。参见现代希腊语音系 |
库尔德语 (中库尔德语) | gâlta | [gɑːɫˈtʲaː] | 玩笑 | 参见库尔德语音系 | |
罗马尼亚语 | 比萨拉比亚方言[23] | cal | [kaɫ] | 马 | 和标准语未软腭化l[in which environments?]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系 |
塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语[24] | лак]]}} /lak | [ɫâ̠k] | 简单 | 舌尖音;可能自成音节;和/ʎ/对立。参见塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系 | |
乌兹别克语[25] | [比如?] | 舌尖音;在非前圆唇元音和辅音或联诵音素之间出现。其他地方是非软腭化齿齿龈音。[25] |
变体
[编辑]语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
葡萄牙语 | 欧洲葡萄牙语[26] | mil | [miɫ̪] | 千 | 齿音,且强软腭化,前元音前较少。[27][28] |
老派巴西葡萄牙语[29][30][31][32] | álcool | [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] | 酒精, 乙醇 | 当[lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],[33] 常是齿音。主要的巴西方言中,在韵尾时被元音化为[u̯ ~ ʊ̯](如EP在維亞納堡區和馬德拉的农村)。[34]巴西其他地方,在韵尾时会被实现为[ɾ ~ ɽ ~ ɻ]、/ʁ/、[j]甚至丢失。[35]参见葡萄牙語音系 |
齒齦邊音的变体
[编辑]音标 | 种类 |
---|---|
l | 原位 l |
ɫ | 软腭化 ɫ |
参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]
注释与参考引用
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Recasens & Espinosa (2005),第4頁.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989),第50–51頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Recasens & Espinosa (2005),第1, 20頁.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rafel (1999),第14頁.
- ^ Scholten (2000),第22頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 引用错误:没有为名为
treder
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 7.0 7.1 Mathiassen (1996),第23頁.
- ^ Lunt (1952),第11–12頁.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Kristoffersen (2000),第25頁.
- ^ Endresen (1990:177頁), cited in Kristoffersen (2000:25頁)
- ^ Rocławski (1976),第130頁.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969),第168頁.
- ^ Ó Dochartaigh (1997).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999),第154–155頁.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005),第8頁.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Donaldson (1993),第17頁.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Lass (1987),第117頁.
- ^ Watson (2002),第16頁.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Collins & Mees (2003),第58, 197, 222頁.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Collins & Mees (2003),第197頁.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999),第73頁.
- ^ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language. [2021-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-27).
- ^ Pop (1938),第30頁.
- ^ Gick et al. (2006),第?頁.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Sjoberg (1963),第13頁.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第93頁.
- ^ On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)
- ^ Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. /l/ velarisation as a continuum. PLOS ONE. 2019, 14 (3): e0213392 [2022-03-28]. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392. (原始内容存档于2020-11-13).
- ^ (葡萄牙語) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2016-02-06. Page 36.
- ^ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
- ^ Bisol (2005:211頁)
- ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (葡萄牙語). Page 49.
- ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (葡萄牙語). Page 52.
- ^ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
- ^ Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.
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