中華人民共和國閲兵 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
中华人民共和国阅兵 | |
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![]() 中华人民共和国国旗 | |
類型 | 阅兵式、庆祝游行 |
日期 | 10月1日(国庆节) 其他主要阅兵日: 9月3日(抗日战争胜利纪念日) 8月1日(建军纪念日) 7月1日(建党日暨香港回归纪念日) |
地点 | ![]() |
坐標 | 39°54′26.4″N 116°23′27.9″E / 39.907333°N 116.391083°E |
出席者 |
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参与者 | 包括中国人民解放军、中国人民武装警察部队及中国民兵在内的全国武装力量代表方阵、国旗护卫队、军乐团、合唱团以及群众游行参与者(国庆阅兵)等,有时也会有老兵及家属受邀受阅。 |
举办时间 | 1949年10月1日 |
举办频率 | 国庆阅兵: 1年1届(1949年-1959年) 不定(1960年-1998年) 10年1届(1999年-) |
活動 | 国庆阅兵:升旗仪式、国家主席演讲、阅兵式(检阅式与分列式)、群众游行 |
網站 | www |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_chinoise_pour_le_70e_anniversaire_de_la_cr%C3%A9ation_de_la_RPC%2C_2019.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_chinoise_pour_le_70e_anniversaire_de_la_cr%C3%A9ation_de_la_RPC%2C_2019.jpg)
中华人民共和国阅兵是由中华人民共和国官方举办的重要阅兵仪式,主要用以纪念各种重大历史事件(特别是中华人民共和国国庆节)。以国庆节阅兵为例:其通常在北京天安门广场举行,主要出席人士在天安门城楼检阅由中国人民解放军、中国人民武装警察部队、中国民兵以及各群众游行方阵组成的队伍。国庆阅兵在1950年至1959年期间每年举办一次,此后国庆阅兵中断,直至自1984年起恢复国庆阅兵并首次在中央电视台向全球直播阅兵实况[3],自1999年起形成每十年举办一次的传统[4]。
最近一次的国庆阅兵于2019年10月1日在中华人民共和国成立70周年之际举行,最近一次在天安门广场举行的大型军民庆祝活动则是在2021年7月1日举行的“庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会”(僅空中梯队出场受阅)。除传统上在天安门广场举办的阅兵式及大型庆祝活动之外,中国大陆亦曾在海上举行阅兵,此外还有於2017年在朱日和基地首次举办的實戰化閱兵。
概要
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1950-10%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%86%E8%8A%82%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87.jpg/220px-1950-10%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%86%E8%8A%82%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg/220px-China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Beijing_01.jpg)
Since the parade of 1950, parades have been held on the city's Tiananmen Square to mark the anniversary of the official foundation of the PRC and today these have been held every 10th year (a format which began in 1999 to mark the golden jubilee anniversary of nationhood), formerly there were yearly parades held until 1959 when the CCP decided that the holiday would be celebrated "with frugality".[5] Parades were also held in 1964, 1966, 1969, 1970 and 1984.[6]
The parade is presided by the paramount leader in his political duty as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and constitutional mandate as the supreme commander of the PLA and chairman of the Central Military Commission, since 1984. He has also inspected the parade in person. The parade commander is a general officer of the PLA with the rank of Lieutenant General or Major General, with the position of commander of the Central Theater Command or as a high-ranking member of the CMC's present 15 departments. Until 1959, during the years that the parade was held in a nationalized form of the Soviet tradition, the parade was inspected by the Minister of National Defense, a high-ranking billet occupied by either a General or (before 1984) a Marshal (before 1954 the Commander in Chief of the PLA). The event's master of ceremonies has either been the Party Committee Secretary of Beijing or a high-ranking member of the Central Committee, CCP.
阅兵流程
[编辑]Opening of the parade
[编辑]At 10 a.m. the massed military bands of the People's Liberation Army sound the Welcome March, signifying the official commencement of the ceremony. As the paramount leader arrives, he is joined by the following on the rostrum on the Tiananmen Gate:
- Premier of the State Council of the PRC
- Chairmen of both the Standing Committees of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- High-ranking officials of the Politburo Standing Committee and the other departments under the Central Committee, CCP
- Vice President of the PRC
- Vice Premiers of the State Council of the PRC
- Vice Chairmen of the Central Military Commission and members of the departments of the Commission
- Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court
- Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate
- State Councilors
- Vice Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the NPC and the National Committee of the CPPCC
- Secretaries of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
- Retired leaders of the party and the Republic
- Representatives of both the NPC and CPPCC, including party faction leaders and leaders of CPPCC organizational factions
- Ministers of the State Council and heads of national government agencies with ministerial status
- Members of the diplomatic corps and any foreign heads of state and/or governments present if any
- Representatives of the private sector, state-owned national and regional companies and people's organizations
- If available, provincial governors, city mayors and heads of the Party provincial and municipal committees and regional-level legislatures
In past parades a card stunt display was assembled at the square grounds made up of thousands of young men and women from the capital and from various parts of the country (abolished 2015), while student battalions of the Young Pioneers of China are assembled in the sides of the Massed Bands, led by the Senior Director of Music of the PLA Military Bands Service, made up of around 1,900 male and female bandsmen from the service branches from military bands stationed nationwide. The Pioneer Battalions carry the red battalion colours which can be seen in front of their respective contingents.
The flag raising ceremony follows the arrivals, but unlike the normal ceremony the color guard company, as a 21-gun salute is fired by the gunners of the State Honors Artillery Battery of the Beijing Garrison Command, marches off from the sides of the Monument to the People's Heroes, forms up, and takes its place at the center of the grounds nearest the Massed Bands, with the Flag of China now being placed into the flagpole by the color officer, who has just been given the color from the color guard. The segment was introduced in 1999 as a reenactment of sorts of the raising of the national flag in the square in 1949.
With that concluded and the card stunt now in position, the master of ceremonies gives the announcement on the microphone: Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the raising of the national flag and the singing of the National Anthem! By then, the color officer now orders the salute and the massed bands play the National Anthem March of the Volunteers as the color company presents arms, after the anthem is played the color company orders arms and stands at ease.
Inspection of the parade
[编辑]As the armed linemen of the Beijing Capital Garrison take their places, the paramount leader then descends to the grounds of the Tiananmen Gate via the elevator and rides on an open top Hongqi L5 for the inspection segment, with around 4,000 to 16,000 military personnel of the PLA, PAP and militia formations assembled by battalions, as well as the 9,000 strong personnel of the mobile column with around 400-900 vehicles. As he arrives at the front of the gate at the Chang'an Avenue, the parade commander (since 1954 the Commander of the Beijing Military Region and later the Central Theater Command) arrives in a similar limousine to inform the paramount leader of the commencement of the inspection of the parade.
The report done, the paramount leader, as the Massed bands play, then inspects the formations, each of its leaders ordering a salute as he passes by and the battalions each present arms (eyes right for unarmed formations and the port arms when using modern rifles), after which they stand at attention. Since 1984 the regular honor guard companies of the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion (since 2015 the final company is a women's company) together with its national colour guard unit are the first in line for the inspection segment of the parade.
Following the inspection, the paramount leader returns to the Tiananmen Gate to give the national keynote holiday address, at the same time the commander takes his place in the gate as well and the parade formations are now formed in review order as the mobile column now forms up in addition to the flypast.
In the 2019 parade, the order was reversed, this time the paramount leader gives the opening keynote address before departing from the gate for the parade inspection.
Military parade proper
[编辑]The order Commence the parade! from the parade commander atop Tiananmen Gate is the signal for the parade formation to march past the gate, wherein the dignitaries are gathered, while the crowds are assembled on the stands around the gate which include veterans of the PLA, Young Pioneers, representatives of state and private businesses and distinguished citizens as well as the civil service and the diplomatic corps and foreign press representatives. As the Massed Bands play the Parade March of the PLA, a special parade version of the Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army, following the fly past of the national and party flags and the flag of the PLA, alongside, in special years, a helicopter formation honoring the number of years of nationhood, the ground column marches first as the General Secretary and other party, state and military leaders take the salute of each of the contingents marching past the saluting stand. Since 1984 the regular honor guard companies of the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion, including the aforementioned female company, are the first to march past the dignitaries, led by the colour guard carrying the flag of the PLA, which serves as the de facto national colour, alongside the national and party flags that both precede it. Each of the battalions that march past are made up of the following:
- Officers of the CMC, MND and the People's Armed Police
- National Defense University
- Military academies and officer cadet schools
- PLA Ground Forces
- PLA Navy
- PLA Air Force
- PLA Airborne Corps
- PLA Special Operations Forces
- PLA Rocket Forces
- Joint Logistics Support Force
- Women's contingent of PLA personnel
- People's Armed Police
- PLA Reserve Service Forces
- China Militia of the CMC and NDMC
- Civilian workers of the CMC, PLA and MND
- Battalion of PLA personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations
Until the parade of 1959, the PLA, PAP and militia marched separately during the parade proper (the militia marched as part of the civil column). Each of the battalions consists of 350 soldiers (14 rows of 25 soldiers) and are led by the battalion commander and the battalion political commissar, who march at the lead of their unit.[來源請求]
A mobile column then follows which is also formed into battalions, but with the command personnel mounted on their vehicles as they render honors. These are made up of the mostly nationally produced military vehicles and equipment in service and being introduced to serve the needs of the modern PLA. A notable unit to serve in the mobile column is the female contingent from the Bethune Medical College, which was introduced to the parade in 1984.[7] Following this column, the flypast of aircraft from the Ground Forces, Navy and Air Force follows suit.
历年阅兵列表
[编辑]本表列舉中华人民共和国自建國以來歷年所举行的重大閱兵儀式。根据中国人民解放军《队列条令》规定,中国大陆的阅兵权限由党和国家领导人、中央军委领导、团级以上的部队军政主官以及经由上述人员授权的其他领导人物执行[8][9][10]。
天安门广场阅兵
[编辑]日期 | 地点 | 受阅部队人数 | 阅兵名称、首次受阅的部队以及装备 | 首长 / 总指挥 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1949年10月1日 | 北京市 | 16400余 | 中华人民共和国中央人民政府成立典礼 | 首长:中国人民解放军总司令朱德 总指挥:华北军区司令员聂荣臻 | 空中梯队因同时担负警戒任务,有两架飞机携弹飞行 |
1950年10月1日 | 24209 | 迄今为止中华人民共和国受阅人数最多的一次阅兵 | |||
1951年10月1日 | 13348 | 喷气式飞机、民兵方队 | |||
1952年10月1日 | 11300 | 公安部队 | |||
1953年10月1日 | 10038 | 火箭炮兵 | 首长:中国人民解放军总司令朱德 总指挥:副总参谋长张宗逊 | ||
1954年10月1日 | 10384 | 伞兵部队 | 首长:中华人民共和国国防部部长彭德怀 总指挥:北京军区司令员杨成武 | 骑兵最后一次受阅 | |
1955年10月1日 | 10344 | 首长:中华人民共和国国防部部长彭德怀元帅 总指挥:北京军区司令员杨成武上将 | 中国人民解放军首次实行军衔制后的阅兵 | ||
1956年10月1日 | 11929 | 迄今为止中华人民共和国唯一一次在雨中进行的大阅兵 | |||
1957年10月1日 | 7064 | 国产的伊尔-28喷气式轰炸机、歼击机首次受阅 | |||
1958年10月1日 | 不详 | 中华人民共和国建国后开创的军事院校及其将校学员首次受阅 | |||
1959年10月1日 | 11018 | 首长:中华人民共和国国防部部长林彪元帅 总指挥:北京军区司令员杨勇上将 | 受阅武器装备基本实现国产化,当时的苏共中央第一书记、部长会议主席赫鲁晓夫应邀出席阅兵式 | ||
1984年10月1日 | 10370 | 首都各界人民庆祝中华人民共和国成立35周年大会 战略导弹部队、武警部队和女兵首次受阅 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席邓小平 总指挥:北京军区司令员秦基伟[a] | ||
1999年10月1日 | 11000余 | 首都各界庆祝中华人民共和国成立50周年大会 陆军航空兵、海军航空兵、海军陆战队、武警特警和预备役部队 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席江泽民 总指挥:北京军区司令员李新良上将 | 又称“世纪大阅兵”,中华人民共和国在20世纪举办的最后一场大型阅兵式。 | |
2009年10月1日 | 8000 | 首都各界庆祝中华人民共和国成立60周年大会 特种兵、第二炮兵学员、雷达、无人驾驶战机、巡航导弹、预警机 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡锦涛 总指挥:北京军区司令员房峰辉中将[11] | ||
2015年9月3日 | 北京市 | 12000 | 纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年大会 首次纪念抗日战争胜利纪念日(9月3日)阅兵[12],外国军队方阵首次出现在阅兵式上。 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:北京军区司令员宋普选上将 | 首次邀請外國方陣 |
2019年10月1日 | 北京市 | 15000 | 庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年大会 领导指挥方队、战略支援部队方队、联勤保障部队方队、院校科研方队、文职人员方队、维和部队方队,也是歷年來規模第二大的。 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:中部战区司令员乙晓光空军上将 | |
2021年7月1日 | 北京市 | 僅進行飛越式 | 庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会 | 首长:中国共产党中央委员会总书记习近平 | 约7万人出席[13],此次大会出场部队仅中国人民解放军三军仪仗队、中国人民解放军军乐团以及空中梯队,其中仅空中梯队属于受阅部队。 |
其他阅兵
[编辑]日期 | 地点 | 受阅部队人数 | 阅兵名称、首次受阅的部队以及装备 | 首长 / 总指挥 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1957年8月4日 | 青岛市胶州湾 | 首长:中华人民共和国国务院总理周恩来 总指挥:海军司令员萧劲光海军大将 | 在海上阅兵中担当主角的是第一驱逐舰大队的“ 四大金刚”——“鞍山”号、“抚顺”号、“长春”号和“太原”号。 | ||
1981年9月19日 | 张家口市 | 114000+ | 華北大演習 | 首长:中國共產黨中央軍事委員會主席鄧小平 总指挥:北京軍區司令員秦基偉 | 於華北張家口機場舉行的非國慶日閱兵,中华人民共和国成立以来规模最大的一次军事演习。 |
1995年10月19日 | 青岛市附近黄海某海域 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席江泽民 总指挥:海军司令员张连忠海军上将 | 黄海大演习后进行海上阅兵式。 | ||
1998年7月2日 | 香港昂船洲海军基地 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席江泽民 | 中华人民共和国首次纪念香港回归阅兵。 | ||
2004年8月1日 | 香港石岗军营 | 3000 | 中国人民解放军驻香港部队司令员王继堂中将 | 1949年以来首次在建军节进行的公开阅兵 | |
2004年12月20日 | 澳門氹仔軍營 | 纪念澳門回歸5周年阅兵 首次檢閱駐澳部隊。 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡錦濤 总指挥:中国人民解放军驻澳门部队司令员刘联华少将[14] | ||
2007年6月30日 | 香港昂船洲軍營 | 1900 | 纪念香港回归10周年阅兵 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡锦涛 总指挥:驻香港部队司令员王继堂中将[15] | |
2009年4月23日 | 青岛市浮山湾 | 核潜艇首次受阅 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡锦涛 总指挥:海军司令员吴胜利海军上将 | 14国共21艘外国舰船参与 | |
2009年12月20日 | 澳門氹仔軍營 | 530 | 纪念澳門回歸10周年阅兵 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡錦濤 总指挥:驻澳部队司令员王玉仁少将[16] | |
2012年6月29日 | 香港石岗军营 | 3000 | 纪念香港回归15周年阅兵 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席胡锦涛 总指挥:驻香港部队司令员张仕波中将[17] | |
2017年6月30日 | 香港石岗军营 | 3100 | 纪念香港回归20周年阅兵 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:驻香港部队司令员谭本宏中将 | 受閱部隊首度以「主席好」回應 |
2017年7月30日 | 锡林郭勒盟朱日和训练基地 | 12000 | 歼-20、运-20等先进装备首次参加检阅。 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:中部战区司令员韩卫国上将 | 解放軍改革為戰區制度後,首次实战化阅兵式 |
2018年4月12日 | 南海某海域[18] | 10000 | “神威-2018”海上閱兵 首次有航母编队受阅 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:海军司令员沈金龙中将、政治委员秦生祥中将 | |
2019年4月23日 | 青岛市浮山湾 | 主席:中央军事委员会主席习近平 总指挥:海军司令员沈金龙海军中将 | |||
2019年12月20日 | 澳門新口岸軍營 | 澳門回歸20周年,室內閱兵 | 首长:中央军事委员会主席習近平 总指挥:驻澳部队司令员徐良才大校 |
相關條目
[编辑]注释
[编辑]参考文献
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