中美洲蹴球 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2012年5月12日) |
中美洲蹴球(西班牙語:juego de pelota mesoamericano;納瓦特爾語:tlachtli o ōllamalīztli)(Mesoamerican ballgame)是一種發源於中美洲的球類活動,有超過三千年的歷史。現時一些地方的美洲原住民仍有進行這項運動。由於這運動的歷史悠久,它的詳細規則隨時間和地點而有所不同。一般而言,這運動是兩人或兩方對賽。
中美洲蹴球所使用的球是硬膠質,而球場則是長形的。球場的兩邊築有高臺,使球不致飛出場外。有時在球場的兩端會立柱。
蹴球場在中美洲各處都有設立。在一些地區,幾乎所有較大的遺址都有蹴球場,其他地區則可能少一些。現存最大的蹴球場長166米,寬68米。
意義
[编辑]蹴球除了是當地人(包括兒童)的休閒活動,也具有宗教意義。正式的比賽常被認為是天上的神明或地下世界的主宰之間的鬥爭,而球本身代表太陽。
在正式比賽中,落敗一方的領隊會被斬首或取出心臟以作活祭品,他的頭骨會被用作新球的球心。
關於比賽後的獻祭,另有一說法,即勝者獻祭:根據中美洲文明對於宗教的熱情,成為祭品被認為是神聖的,部份學者依照此點推測奉獻應該是屬於榮耀,所以獻祭應為勝利者。
但亦有地方如奇琴伊察,勝利一方或落敗一方的領隊被用作犧牲的说法同时存在。
蹴球是古代中美洲藝術的重要題材。很多中美洲古文明的雕刻、壁畫等均有關於蹴球的描述,大大方便了現代人對該活動的研究。
参考文献
[编辑]- Alegría, Ricardo E. The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles. American Antiquity (Menasha, WI: Society for American Archaeology). 1951, 16 (4): 348–352. JSTOR 276984. OCLC 27201871. doi:10.2307/276984.
- Andrews, E. Wyllys. La Arqueología de Quelepa, El Salvador. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicaciones. 1986 [1976] (西班牙语).
- Blanchard, Kendall. The Anthropology of Sport Revised. Bergin & Garvey. 2005. ISBN 0-89789-329-8.
- Bradley, Douglas E.; Peter David Joralemon. The Lords of Life: The Iconography of Power and Fertility in Preclassic Mesoamerica exhibition catalogue, February 2 – April 5, 1992. Notre Dame, IN: Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame. 1993. OCLC 29839104.
- Bradley, Douglas E. Life, Death and Duality: A Handbook of the Rev. Edmund P. Joyce, C.S.C. Collection of Ritual Ballgame Sculpture. Snite Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 1. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. 1997. OCLC 39750624.
- Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo. Imágenes de la mitología maya. Museo Popol Vuh, Guatemala. 2011.
- Coe, Michael D.; Dean Snow; Elizabeth P. Benson. Atlas of Ancient America. New York: Facts on File. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1199-0. OCLC 11518017.
- Day, Jane Stevenson. Performing on the Court. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 65–77. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
- Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-02119-8. OCLC 56746987.
- Ekholm, Susanna M. Ceramic Figurines and the Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 241–249. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
- Garza Camino, Mercedes de la; Ana Luisa Izquierdo. El Ullamaliztli en el Siglo XVI. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl. 1980, 14: 315–333. ISSN 0071-1675 (西班牙语).
- Hill, Warren D.; Michael Blake; John E. Clark. Ball court design dates back 3,400 years. Nature. 1998, 392 (6679): 878–879. doi:10.1038/31837.
- Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
- Kurjack, Edward B.; Ruben Maldonado C.; Merle Greene Robertson. Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.*Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente. Memoriales. Paris. 1903.
- Noble, John. Mexico. Lonely Planet. 2006. ISBN 1-74059-744-3.
- Orr, Heather. Ballgames: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Lindsay Jones (编). Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Vol. 2. 2005: 749–752.
- Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez; Alfredo Delgado. Las ofrendas de El Manatí y su posible asociación con el juego de pelota: un yugo a destiempo. María Teresa Uriarte (ed.) (编). El juego de pelota en Mesoamérica: raíces y supervivencia. México D.F.: SigloXXI Editores and Casa de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. 1992: 55–67. ISBN 968-23-1837-8 (西班牙语).
- Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez. Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manatí: A Sacred Space (PDF). David C. Grove and Rosemary A. Joyce (eds.) (编). Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993 (PDF online reproduction) Dumbarton Oaks etexts. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1999: 225–254 [2007-06-08]. ISBN 0-88402-252-8. OCLC 39229716. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-02-21).
- Quirarte, Jacinto. The Ballcourt in Mesoamerica: Its Architectural Development. Alan Cordy-Collins; Jean Stern (编). Pre-Columbian Art History. Palo Alto, California: Peek Publications. 1977: 191–212. ISBN 0-917962-41-9.
- Santley, Robert M.; Berman, Michael J.; Alexander, Rami T. The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and Its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- Schuster, Angela M. H. Newsbriefs: Mesoamerica's Oldest Ballcourt. Archaeology. July–August 1998, 41 (4) [2007-06-08]. ISSN 0003-8113. (原始内容存档于2007-12-01).
- Schele, Linda; Miller, Mary Ellen. The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimball Art Museum. 1986.
- Schwartz, Jeremy. Indigenous groups keep ancient sports alive in Mexico. Austin American-Statesman. [20 December 2008]. [失效連結]
- Scott, John F. Dressed to Kill: Stone Regalia of the Mesoamerican Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 51–63. ISBN 0-500-05108-9.
- Shelton, Anthony A. The Aztec Theatre State and the Dramatization of War. Tim Cornell; Thomas B. Allen (编). War and Games. New York: Boydell Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-85115-870-9.
- Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2003.
- Taladoire, Eric; Benoit Colsenet. 'Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanior':The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
- Taladoire, Eric. Could We Speak of the Super Bowl at Flushing Meadows?: La Pelota Mixteca, a Third Pre-Hispanic Ballgame, and its Possible Architectural Context. Ancient Mesoamerica. 4 March 2004, 14 (02): 319–342 [2019-01-28]. doi:10.1017/S0956536103132142. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03).
- Velázquez, Primo Feliciano (translator). Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles. Mexico: UNAM. 1975.
- Wilkerson, S. Jeffrey K. Then They Were Sacrificed: The Ritual Ballgame of Northeastern Mesoamerica Through Time and Space. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584.
- California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed October 2007.
- Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549.
- Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8.
- Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube (ed.) (编). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
- Espinoza, Mauricio. El Corazón del Juego: El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporáneo. Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. (原始内容存档于2007-05-24) (西班牙语).
- Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2.
- Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988.
- McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521.
- Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
- Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516.
- Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- Zender, Mark. Glyphs for "Handspan" and "Strike" in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-10).
外部链接
[编辑]- The First Basketball: The Mesoamerican ballgame(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) NBA Hoops Online
- A figurine showing ballplayer gear(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)