数字前缀 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
数字前缀 (英語:Numeral prefix) 是派生于数词或其他数字的前缀。在英语和其他欧洲语言,这些前缀用来造一系列包含表示数量信息的词。
例子
[编辑]具体例子如下:
- 单词:bicycle(两个轮子;自行车)、sextet(六重唱)、octopus(八只脚;章鱼)、decade(十年)、octave(八度)
- 数学术语:triangle(三角形)、quadruple(四倍)、quaternion(四元数)、pentagon(五边形)、regular dodecahedron(正十二面体)
- 进位制:binary(二进制)、decimal(十进制)、sexagesimal(六十进制)
- 西方的数字命名法:billion (原意為(106)2)、trillion (原意為(106)3)、quadrillion (原意為(106)4)
- 表示分子结构的前缀:octane(辛(八碳)烷)、pentane(戊(五碳)烷)
- 国际单位制中的国际单位制词头:deca-(十)、deci-(分)、centi-(厘)
英语中的数字前缀表
[编辑]希臘語及拉丁語中,数分四种:
- 基數(英語:cardinal):如英语中的one、two、three、four、five等
- 次数(英語:multiple或multiplier):once、twice、thrice等
- 分配数(英語:distributive):汉语中的「各~个」。原本指意味着one each、two each,但在现代常常会失去这个意思。
- 序数 (英語:ordinal):汉语中的「第~个」,如英语的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼备分数,表示「N分之一」,但1/2有特殊形式。
对于百位数,有来自拉丁语的 -gent-,以及加上为1–9的前缀的 -cent- 两种。
数 | 拉丁语前缀 | 希腊语前缀 | 梵语前缀[1] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基数 | 次数 | 分配数 | 序数 | 基数 | 次数 | 序数 | ||
0 | nulli- | – | meden-, ouden- | – | ||||
1⁄12 | unci- | – | 对于分数希腊人使用序数表示 (i.e. dodecato-) | – | ||||
1⁄8 | octant- | – | – | – | 如上,ogdoö– | – | ||
1⁄6 | sextant- | – | – | – | 如上,hecto– | – | ||
1⁄4 | quadrant- | – | – | – | 如上,tetarto– | – | ||
1⁄3 | trient- | – | – | – | 如上,trito– | – | ||
1⁄2 | semi- | – | demi-[2] | – | hemi- (mn.[需要解释] half) e.g. hemisphere | – | – | |
3⁄4 | dodrant- | – | – | – | – | – | ||
1 | uni- e.g. universe, unilateral | sim-[3] | singul- | prim- | mono- "一", "单" e.g. monogamy holo- (整个/完整) e.g. holocaust, holography hen-[4] 罕见 | mono- ("一, 单") hapax- ("单次") haplo-[4] (单倍) monad- ("单位/单元") | prot-[5] e.g. proton, protozoa | eka- |
1 1⁄4 | quasqui- quasquicentennial | |||||||
1 1⁄2 | sesqui- e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian | |||||||
2 | du- | bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan | bin- | second- | di-, dy-,[6] duo-, dyo- | dis-[7] ("两次") 常见 dyakis- ("两次") 罕见 diplo- ("双倍") dyad- ("一对") | deuter-[8] e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomy deuteraio- (“每隔一天”) | dvi- |
3 | tri- e.g. trireme | ter- | tern-, trin- | terti- | tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis | tris-[9] ("三次") 常见 triakis- ("三次") 罕见 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (”三个一组“) | trit-[10] ("第三") e.g. Triton/ium tritaio- ("每隔两天") | tri- |
4 | quadri-, quadru-[11] | quater-[12] | quatern-[13] | quart-[14] | tetra-, tessara- | tetrakis- ("四次") tetraplo- (”四倍“) tetrad- (”四个一组“) e.g. tetrahedron | tetarto- (” 第四“) tetartaio- (”每隔三天“) | chatur- |
5 | quinque-[15] | – | quin-[16] | quint-[17] | penta- | pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron | pempt-[18] pemptaio- | pancha- |
6 | sexa-[19] | – | sen-[20] | sext-[21] | hexa-[22] | hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron | hect-[23] hectaio- | shat- |
7 | septem-, septi- | septen-[24] | septim- | hepta-[25] e.g. heptathlon | heptakis- heptaplo- heptad- | hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio- ("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周") | sapta- | |
8 | octo- e.g. October | – | octon-[26] | octav-[27] | octo- e.g. octopus | octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron | ogdoö- ogdoaio- | ashta- |
9 | novem- e.g. November | noven- | nona- | ennea-[28] | enneakis- enneaplo- ennead- | enat-[29] enataio- | navam- | |
10 | decem-, dec- | den-[30] | decim-[31] | deca-[32] e.g. decathlon, Decapolis | deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon | decat-[33] decataio- | dasham- | |
11 | undec- | unden-[34] | undecim-[35] | hendeca-[36] | hendeca/kis/plo/d- | hendecat-[37]/o/aio- | ekadasham- | |
12 | duodec- | duoden- e.g. duodenum | duodecim- | dodeca-[38] e.g. dodecadactylum | dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron | dodacat-[39]/o/aio- | dvadasham- | |
13 | tredec- | treden- | tredecim- | tria(kai)deca-, decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia | tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- | decatotrito- etc. | trayodasham- | |
14 | quattuordec- | quattuorden- | quattuordecim- | tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara, decatessara- | tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron | decatotetarto- | chaturdasham- | |
15 | quinquadec-, quindec-[40] | quinden-[41] | quindecim-[42] | pente(kai)deca-, decapente- | penta(kai)decakis-, decapentakis- etc. | decatopempto- | panchadasham- | |
16 | sedec-,[43] sexdec- (但是有混种词 hexadecimal[19]) | seden- | sedecim- | hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex- | hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc. | decatohecto- | shodasham- | |
17 | septendec- | septenden- | septendecim- | hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta- | hepta(kai)decakis-, decaheptakis- etc. | decatohebdomo- | saptadasham- | |
18 | octodec- | octoden- | octodecim- | octo(kai)deca-, decaocto- | octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc. | decatoogdoö- | ashtadasham- | |
19 | novemdec-, novendec- | novemden- | novemdecim- | ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- | ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc. | decatoenato- | navadasham- | |
20 | viginti- | vicen-, vigen- | vigesim- | (e)icosi- | eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron | eicosto- | vimshati- | |
22 | duovigint- | (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic | (e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad- | eicostodeutero- | ||||
24 | quattuorvigint- | (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare | (e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon | eicostotetarto- | chaturvimshati- | |||
25 | quinvigint- | (e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid | (e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad- | eicostopempto- | ||||
30 | triginti- | tricen- | trigesim- | triaconta- | triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron | triacosto- | trimshat- | |
31 | untriginti- | triacontahen- | triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad- | triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio- | ||||
40 | quadraginti- | quadragen- | quadragesim- | tettaraconta-, tessaraconta- | tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc. | tessaracosto- | chatvarimshat- | |
50 | quinquaginti-[44] | quinquagen-[45] | quinquagesim-[46] | penteconta- e.g. penteconter | pentecontakis- etc. | pentecosto- e.g. pentecost | panchashat- | |
60 | sexaginti- | sexagen- | sexagesim- | hexeconta- | hexecontakis- etc. | hexecosto- | shasti- | |
70 | septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint | septuagen- | septuagesim-[47] | hebdomeconta- | hebdomecontakis- etc. | hebdomecosto- | saptati- | |
80 | octogint- | octogen- | octogesim- | ogdoëconta- | ogdoëcontakis- etc. | ogdoëcosto- | ashiti- | |
90 | nonagint- | nonagen- | nonagesim- | eneneconta- | enenecontakis- etc. | enenecosto- | navati- | |
100 | centi- | centen- | centesim- | hecato(n)- | hecatontakis- hundred times hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad- | hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day | shata– | |
120 | viginticenti- | hecaton(e)icosi- | hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. | hecatostoeicosto- | ||||
200 | ducenti- | ducen-, bicenten- | ducentesim- | diacosia- | diacosakis- etc. | diacosiosto- | – | |
300 | trecenti- | trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- | trecentesim- | triacosia- etc. | triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad- | triacosiosto- | – | |
400 | quadringenti- | quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- | quadringentesim- | tetracosia- | tetracosakis- etc. | tetracosiosto- | ||
500 | quingent-,[48] quincent-[49] | quingen-,[50] quingenten-, quincenten- | quingentesim-[51] | pentacosia- | pentacosakis- etc. | pentacosiosto- | ||
600 | sescenti-, sexcenti- | sescen-, sexcenten- | sescentesim- | hexacosia- | hexacosakis- etc. | hexacosiosto- | ||
700 | septingenti- | septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- | septingentesim- | heptacosia- | heptacosakis- etc. | heptacosiosto- | ||
800 | octingenti- | octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- | octingentesim- | octacosia- | octacosakis- etc. | octacosiosto- | – | |
900 | nongenti- | nongen- | nongentesim- | ennacosi-[52] derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia- | enneacosakis- etc. | enacosiost-,[53] alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of enneacosiosto- | – | |
1000 | milli- | millen- | millesim- | chili-,[54] kilo- | chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad- | chiliost-[55] | sahasra– | |
2000 | duomilli | –- | - | dischili-[56] | dischiliakis- etc. | dischiliosto- | – | |
3000 | tremilli- | trischili-[57] | trischiliost-[58] | – | ||||
5000 | quinmilli– | pentacischili-[59] | ||||||
10000 | decamilli– | myria-,[60] e.g. myriapoda decakischilia- | myriakis- myriaplo- myriad- decakischiliakis- etc. | myriast-,[61] decakischiliosto- | ayuta– | |||
80000 | octogintmilli– | octacismyri-[62] | ||||||
105 | centimilli;– | decakismyria-, hecatontakis chilia- | decakismyriakis-, hecatontakis chiliakis- | etc. | ||||
106 | million- | – | hecatommyria- | hecatommyriakis- ("十万次") hecatommyriaplo- ("十万倍") hecatommyriad- ("十万个一组") | hecatommyriosto- (第十万;或十万之一) hecatommyriostaio- ("每隔九万九千九百九十九天") | |||
109 | billion- | – | dis hecatommyria- | dis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | |||
1012 | trillion- | – | tris hecatommyria- | tris hecatommyriakis- | etc. | |||
1015 | quadrillion- | – | tetrakis hecatommyria- | tetrakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | |||
1018 | quintillion- | – | ||||||
1021 | sextillion- | – | ||||||
1024 | septillion- | – | ||||||
1027 | octillion- | – | ||||||
1030 | nonillion- | – | ||||||
1033 | decillion- | – | decakis hecatommyria- | decakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | |||
10303 | centillion- | – | hecatontakis hecatommyria- | hecatontakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | |||
103003 | – | chiliakis hecatommyria- | chiliakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | ||||
1030003 | – | myriakis hecatommyria- | myriakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | ||||
10300003 | – | decakismyriakis hecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless | decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis- | etc. | ||||
少量 (1–20) | pauci- e.g. pauciparous | – | oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly | |||||
大量 (> 1) | multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism | – | poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath | pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (”多次“) plethos, plethora (”多个为一组“) | pollosto- (次序中排在第一后的, 即序数大于1) | bahut– |
补充
[编辑]- 元音脱落:数字前缀结尾的元音会在以元音为开头的词干前脱落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前为 bis-, 而其他单音节前缀 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音为开头的词干也保持不变。
- 连字符:数字前缀不加入连字符的情况比较多、但还是有把quarterdeck写成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和国际单位制词头中不会加入连字符。
同样的后缀可用于不同数:
primary | secondary | tertiary | quartary | quintary | sextary | (septimary) | (octavary) | nonary | (decimary) |
singulary | binary | ternary, trinary | quaternary | quinary | senary | septenary | octonary | nonenary | denary |
在化学命名中,11(undeca-)这个前缀混合了拉丁语和希腊语,并以 -cos- 表示二十,例如 tricos- 是 23。同样,表示进位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal
拉丁语基数词
[编辑]拉丁语分配数词
[编辑]- unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
- denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian
希腊语
[编辑]- monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
- digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
- trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
- monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod
混合语言
[编辑]参见
[编辑]- IUPAC 数值前缀
- 数表
- 十进位制
- 科学命名常用后缀列表
- 数词
注释
[编辑]- ^ See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
- ^ Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
- ^ sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
- ^ πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ δύο
- ^ δίς
- ^ δεύτερος
- ^ τρίς
- ^ τρίτος
- ^ The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
- ^ quăter. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quăterni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quartus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quinque. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quīni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quintus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ πέμπτος
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
- ^ sēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ sextus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ ἕξ
- ^ ἕκτος
- ^ septēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ ἑπτά
- ^ octōni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ octāvus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ ἐννέα
- ^ ἔνατος
- ^ dēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ dĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ δέκα
- ^ δέκατος
- ^ undēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ undĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ ἕνδεκα
- ^ ἑνδέκατος
- ^ δώδεκα
- ^ δωδέκατος
- ^ quindĕcim. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quindēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quindĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ sēdĕcim. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāginta. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāgēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāgēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus. www.perseus.tufts.edu. [26 February 2019]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-26).
- ^ quingenti. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quincenti. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quingēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ quingentēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-14).
- ^ ἐννακόσιοι
- ^ ἐνακοσιοστός
- ^ χίλιοι
- ^ χιλιοστός
- ^ δισχίλιοι
- ^ τρισχίλιοι
- ^ τρισχιλιοστός
- ^ πεντακισχίλιοι
- ^ μυρίος
- ^ μυριαστός
- ^ ὀκτακισμύριοι
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
quadru2
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.
参考文献
[编辑]- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
- Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
- Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458
外部链接
[编辑]- Stephen Chrisomalis. Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes. The Phrontistery. [2019-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-20).
- Christine Bauer-Ramazani. Prefixes--Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes. April 2008 [2019-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-09).