清卷舌擦音 (voiceless retroflex fricative; voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative)即清舌尖后音。发音时候舌尖略卷起,現代標準漢語 sh/ㄕ就是此音。可以根据发音细节识别出舌叶化、舌尖化、下舌尖化变体。
達悟語 以s表示此音,如:sangi(顎骨),avios(蘭嶼鐵莧)
在下面的记音中,变音符号用来区别舌尖音 [ʂ̺] 和舌叶音 [ʂ̻] .
2155种语言中有6%拥有[ʂ] 的音位。[ 1]
張慧麗,"主動發音器官模型與幾個國際發音問題"[1] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ),中研院語言學期刊,11.4:653-678,2010. Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 . Canepari, Luciano, Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation], Bologna: Zanichelli, 1992, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 (意大利语) Hamann, Silke, Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 53–67 [2015-04-09 ] , doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604 , (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于2015-04-14) Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke, Slovak (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (3): 373–378 [2022-01-10 ] , doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162 , (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2019-12-16) Ladefoged, Peter , Vowels and Consonants 2nd, Blackwell, 2005 Lunsford, Wayne A., An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan (PDF) , M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2001 [2020-09-30 ] , (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2021-02-25) Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114 [2020-09-30 ] , doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 , (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2019-12-16) Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938 Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96 [2020-09-30 ] , doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 , (原始内容存档 于2018-11-06) Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984 Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232 , doi:10.2307/411232 Zygis, Marzena, Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives (PDF) , ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 2003, 3 : 175–213 [2020-09-30 ] , (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于2017-10-11) Kordić, Snježana , Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, 2006, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1 Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
肺部气流音 當符號成對出現時,左邊的是清音,右邊的是濁音 。陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。
肺部气流音 當符號成對出現時,左邊的是清音,右邊的是濁音 。陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。
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