篩蝦屬 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
北方篩蝦![]() | |
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篩蝦的頭部附肢復原圖 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | †恐蝦綱 Dinocaridida |
目: | †放射齒目 Radiodonta |
科: | †篩蝦科 Tamisiocarididae |
属: | †篩蝦屬 Tamisiocaris Daley & Peel, 2010 |
种: | †北方篩蝦 T. borealis |
二名法 | |
†Tamisiocaris borealis Daley & Peel, 2010 |
北方篩蝦(學名:Tamisiocaris borealis)是篩蝦屬(學名:Tamisiocaris)唯一的物種[1],又稱作筛状奇虾[3],是節肢動物門、恐蝦綱、放射齒目底下的一種。[1][4]其分布於寒武紀第三期格陵蘭的海生動物[4][5],和在美國第四期的地層中亦有疑似該屬的化石。[2][6]篩蝦是第一個證明是濾食性的奇蝦[4][7],也是生存年代最早會游泳的大型濾食性動物[7][8],過濾方式、食性以及生態位類似鬚鯨、部分鯊魚、鰩總目和同為放射齒目的海神盔蝦屬和帕凡特蝦屬。[4][9][10][11][12][13]
篩蝦屬由洛桑大學的古生物學家艾莉森·C·戴利(Allison C. Daley)和烏普薩拉大學的約翰·S·皮爾(John S. Peel)於2010年基於單一化石進行描述。[1]2014年,英國和丹麥的學者等人的基於新出土的化石確認該屬有效,並將其劃入新命名的篩蝦科。[4]此外,有兩屬分別於2021年和2023年因與前附肢形態與篩蝦相似,因此可能是屬於同一科。[14][15]
發現
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tamisiocaris_frontal_appendage.png/238px-Tamisiocaris_frontal_appendage.png)
2010年,艾莉森·C·戴利和約翰·S·皮爾在發表的論文中描述了他們去年挖掘到編號為MGUH 29154[註 1]的篩蝦化石,其產地在北格陵兰皮里地半島(Peary Land)J.P.科赫峽灣(J.P. Koch Fjord)的布恩地層(Buen Formation),屬於西里斯帕斯特生物群(Sirius Passet)的一員。[1][5][7][17]該化石保存狀況較差,僅保存了頭部的前附肢。前附肢為破碎狀態,且連接頭部的部分有斷裂,邊緣也有破損。[1][17][18],導致當初測量出的數據不準確。[1]2014年,耶魯大學的雅各布·溫瑟爾(Jakob Vinther)發表編號為MGUH 30500~MGUH 30504的標本,並發現了篩蝦的頭部圓形骨片。[4]
2019年,艾希特大學的史蒂芬·帕茨(Stephen Pates)和戴利發現在美國國立自然史博物館的館藏中發現一個編號為USNM 90827/PA 388,來自金澤斯地層(Kinzers Formation)的標本,原本鑑定為賓州奇蝦,但實際上為篩蝦近緣種的前附肢。[2][註 2]
命名
[编辑]Tamisiocaris是合成詞,「tamisium」意為篩子,因為戴利和約翰看到篩蝦前附肢上的刺非常纖細,猜測是用來過濾食物;「caris」意思是螃蟹,是恐蝦綱的常用的學名字尾;種小名「borealis」的意思為北方,因為篩蝦是第一個在格陵蘭發現的奇蝦,比其他奇蝦生活還要在更北的地方[1],因為大部分的奇蝦化石都分布在中國[6][19][20][21]、美國[22][23][24][2]或是加拿大[25][26][11]。
描述
[编辑]篩蝦的化石與許多放射齒目的物種一樣,只保存了頭部的前附肢和部分的骨片,並未保存其他的部位。[1][4]全身的長度未知[4],但是魯迪·勒羅西-奧布里爾(Rudy Lerosey-Aubril)和史蒂芬·帕茨透過其他的放射齒目物種計算出前附肢與全身大小的比率,推測全身長大約在34公分。[9]
前附肢最長為12公分,最少有18節。[4][8][27]每兩個節的中間都會被三角形的節模(arthrodial membrane)隔開,從腹側幾乎延伸到背側。節膜佔了每節長度33%至55%,使得前附肢可以靈活的彎曲。第二節與第三節比起其他節還要更靈活。第一節比的長度會比後面三節相加還要長。腹側的刺向外側分叉,外觀上呈倒V形上的兩對刺,稱作前附肢棘(endite,ventral spines)。[4]第一節的腹側上還有一對往後傾斜,粗壯的刺。[4][23]剩下的17對刺,從每節中間突出且都非常纖細。[4][8]每兩根前附肢棘中間的都有大約5至6毫米的空間。在化石上的前附肢棘保存普遍都斷裂,可能代表它們並不柔軟。前附肢上還有更細小的刺,稱作「前附肢輔棘」(auxiliary spines),這些前附肢輔棘比起其他種類的奇蝦還要細長,長度約在4.2至5毫米。[4]兩個前附肢輔棘中間相隔大約0.3至0.85毫米[4],外觀看起來類似羽毛。[4][28]前附肢背側也很光滑[1],只有在在末端一根非常小的刺。[1][23]在一塊標本上還有保存了比加拿大奇蝦還要大一些的橢圓形的頭部骨片。[4]篩蝦近緣種的化石僅保存前附肢末端的9個節,而前附肢棘也非常纖細。[2]
生態
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20210630_Tamisiocaris_borealis_frontal_appendage_mobility.gif/205px-20210630_Tamisiocaris_borealis_frontal_appendage_mobility.gif)
篩蝦是以全長0.49毫米上下的浮游生物為食[4][8][9][27][29],與加拿大奇蝦或是抱怪蟲科裡的抱怪蟲屬和里拉琴蟲屬都是以抓捕獵物為食的游動捕食者不同。[30][31][32][33]在現存物種中有藤壺、磷蝦等同樣以浮游生物為食的甲殼類,都有細長的前附肢和柔軟的剛毛或是細毛。篩蝦可能是用兩個前附肢在水中揮動並濾食大於篩孔的生物,再用口錐(放射齒目的專有口器)吸起被困在前附肢裡的生物。在當時的寒武紀包括篩蝦等一大類自游生物的捕食者逐漸演化並填補了海洋一系列生態位。[4]
過去的人們認為寒武紀晚期(從古丈期至寒武紀第十期)才演化出多樣性的浮游生物和濾食性動物,浮游生物的食物鏈才逐漸演化出來。[34]但是發現篩蝦是濾食性後,推翻了這個理論。因為篩蝦生活在寒武紀早期(從幸運期至寒武紀第四期)且在其他化石產地也有發現櫛水母、刺細胞動物、毛颚动物和部分節肢動物與現在的鯨鯊、姥鯊和濾食性魚類都以浮游生物為食,這些可能都是趨同演化。[4]
分類
[编辑]戴利和皮爾一開始對於篩蝦的分類也不清楚,因為當時並沒有發現濾食性的奇蝦或是在生活在格陵蘭的奇蝦,再加上只發現了一個破碎不完整的附肢化石。而當時被歸類為「可能是奇蝦的一種」(possible anomalocaridid)。[1][17]2014年,溫瑟爾等人比較篩蝦與布氏奇蝦的前附肢特徵,發現許多地方極為相似[35],例如:前附肢棘向後彎曲或是前附肢輔棘很密集[4][23],證明了篩蝦和布氏奇蝦這是一個單系的演化支[9],將其稱作鯨蝦科(Cetiocaridae)[註 3]與赫德蝦科為姊妹群。[4]2021年,將兩種曾屬於奇蝦屬的帚刺奇蝦(Anomalocaris saron)和寬基奇蝦(Anomalocaris magnabasis)被歸類為侯氏蝦屬[14]和2023年也是布氏奇蝦也被歸類為新屬——針鼴蝦屬也都是加入篩蝦科的新屬。[15]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Daley, Allison C.; Peel, John S. A possible anomalocaridid from the Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland. Journal of Paleontology. 2010-03, 84 (2). ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1666/09-136r1.1.
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- ^ 博物馆. bm.cugb.edu.cn. [2024-05-07] (中文).
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- ^ 6.0 6.1 Wu, Yu; Ma, Jiaxin; Lin, Weiliang; Sun, Ao; Zhang, Xingliang; Fu, Dongjing. New anomalocaridids (Panarthropoda: Radiodonta) from the lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte: Biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2021-05, 569. ISSN 0031-0182. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110333.
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- ^ Guo, Jin; Pates, Stephen; Cong, Peiyun; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Chen, Taimin; Hou, Xianguang. A new radiodont (stem Euarthropoda) frontal appendage with a mosaic of characters from the Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang biota. Papers in Palaeontology. 2018-08-13, 5 (1). ISSN 2056-2799. doi:10.1002/spp2.1231.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2019-07-31, 286 (1908). ISSN 0962-8452. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079.
- ^ Potin, Gaëtan J.-M.; Gueriau, Pierre; Daley, Allison C. Radiodont frontal appendages from the Fezouata Biota (Morocco) reveal high diversity and ecological adaptations to suspension-feeding during the Early Ordovician. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2023-08-09, 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1214109.
- ^ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps. Nature. 2015-03-11, 522 (7554). ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature14256.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Wu, Yu; Fu, Dongjing; Ma, Jiaxin; Lin, Weiliang; Sun, Ao; Zhang, Xingliang. Houcaris gen. nov. from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte expanded the palaeogeographical distribution of tamisiocaridids (Panarthropoda: Radiodonta). PalZ. 2021-05-28, 95 (2). ISSN 0031-0220. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00545-4.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Paterson, John R.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2023-01, 21 (1). ISSN 1477-2019. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2225066.
- ^ Harper, David A. T.; Hammarlund, Emma U.; Topper, Timothy P.; Nielsen, Arne T.; Rasmussen, Jan A.; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Smith, M. Paul. The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland: a remote window on the Cambrian Explosion. Journal of the Geological Society. 2019-07-26, 176 (6). ISSN 0016-7649. doi:10.1144/jgs2019-043.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Daley, Allison. The morphology and evolutionary significance of the anomalocaridids. Diss. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2010.
- ^ Legg, David A.; Vannier, Jean. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia. 2013-10, 46 (4). ISSN 0024-1164. doi:10.1111/let.12032.
- ^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
- ^ Xian‐Guang, Hou; Bergström, Jan; Ahlberg, Per. Anomalocaris and other large animals in the lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna of southwest China. GFF. 1995-09, 117 (3). ISSN 1103-5897. doi:10.1080/11035899509546213.
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- ^ Robison, Richard A.; Richards, Beverley Cobb. Larger bivalve arthropods from the Middle Cambrian of Utah. 1981-12-16. ISSN 0075-5052 (美国英语).
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- ^ "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)". 2021-01-19. doi:10.7287/peerj.10509v0.1/reviews/2.
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- ^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
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註
[编辑]- ^ MGUH是哥本哈根地質博物館大學(University of Copenhagen Geological Museum)的簡寫
- ^ 原本被歸類在奇蝦屬,現在重新歸類為光滑蝦屬(Lenisicaris)而改名賓州光滑蝦(Lenisicaris pennsylvanica)
- ^ 名字是cetus(鯨魚)和caris(螃蟹)加起來而成[36],但是彼得·范-羅伊(Van Roy, Peter)等人透過國際動物命名規約第29.1和29.3條,認定此名是一個無效的名字,因為科的名字是由模式屬來命名。直到2019年史蒂芬·帕茨和艾莉森·C·戴利兩人重新發表並更名為篩蝦科(Tamisiocarididae)[2]
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