蟄伏 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

蟄伏（拉丁文：Torpor）是動物體內生理活動降低的一種狀態，通常是由於體溫和代謝率降低而引起的。蟄伏使動物能夠在食物供應匱乏的時期生存下去。^[1]術語“蟄伏”可以指休眠者在低體溫和代謝率下度過的時間，持續數天至數週，或者少於24小時的時間。

每天進行蟄伏的動物包括鳥類（甚至是微小的蜂鳥，尤其是夜鳥類）^[2]^[3]和一些哺乳動物，包括許多有袋動物^[4]^[5]、囓齒動物（例如小鼠）和蝙蝠。^[6]這些動物在白天活動期間保持正常的體溫和活動量，但是在一天的某一期間（通常是夜晚）中，它們的代謝率和體溫下降，以節省能量。

一些動物會季節性地長時間處於不活動的休眠狀態，此時它們的體溫和新陳代謝會降低，而這是由多次蟄伏所造成的。如果發生在冬季，則稱為冬眠；如果發生在夏季，則稱為夏眠。

蟄伏是一個控制良好的溫度調節過程，而不是像以前認為的那樣，是關閉溫度調節的結果。^[7]有袋動物的蟄伏與非有袋動物的哺乳動物（真獸下綱）的蟄伏不同。真獸下綱依靠喚醒可以產生熱量的棕色脂肪組織作為加速變暖的機制。有袋動物喚醒的機制尚不清楚，但似乎不依賴棕色脂肪組織。^[8]

參考資料

^ Vuarin, Pauline; Dammhahn, Melanie; Kappeler, Peter M.; Henry, Pierre-Yves. When to initiate torpor use? Food availability times the transition to winter phenotype in a tropical heterotherm. Oecologia. September 2015, 179 (1): 43–53. Bibcode:2015Oecol.179...43V. PMID 25953115. S2CID 17050304. doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3328-0.
^ Hainsworth, F. R.; Wolf, L. L. Regulation of Oxygen Consumption and Body Temperature during Torpor in a Hummingbird, Eulampis jugularls. Science. 17 April 1970, 168 (3929): 368–369. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..368R. PMID 5435893. S2CID 30793291. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.368.
^ Hummingbirds. Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. [2021-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-14）.
^ Geiser, F. Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials - a Review. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1994, 42 (1): 1. doi:10.1071/zo9940001.
^ Stannard, H.J.; Fabian, M.; Old, J.M. To bask or not to bask: Behavioural thermoregulation in two species of dasyurid, Phascogale calura and Antechinomys laniger. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2015, 53: 66-71. PMID 26590457. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.012.
^ Bartels, W.; Law, B. S.; Geiser, F. Daily torpor and energetics in a tropical mammal, the northern blossom-bat Macroglossus minimus (Megachiroptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 7 April 1998, 168 (3): 233–239. PMID 9591364. S2CID 16870476. doi:10.1007/s003600050141.
^ Geiser, Fritz. Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor. Annual Review of Physiology. March 2004, 66 (1): 239–274. PMID 14977403. S2CID 22397415. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105.
^ Dawson, T. J.; Finch, E.; Freedman, L.; Hume, I. D.; Renfree, Marilyn; Temple-Smith, P. D. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria (PDF). Walton, D. W.; Richardson, B. J. (编). Fauna of Australia - Volume 1B Mammalia. [2021-03-13]. ISBN 978-0-644-06056-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-05）.

[1] Vuarin, Pauline; Dammhahn, Melanie; Kappeler, Peter M.; Henry, Pierre-Yves. When to initiate torpor use? Food availability times the transition to winter phenotype in a tropical heterotherm. Oecologia. September 2015, 179 (1): 43–53. Bibcode:2015Oecol.179...43V. PMID 25953115. S2CID 17050304. doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3328-0.

[Hainsworth(1970)a-2] Hainsworth, F. R.; Wolf, L. L. Regulation of Oxygen Consumption and Body Temperature during Torpor in a Hummingbird, Eulampis jugularls. Science. 17 April 1970, 168 (3929): 368–369. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..368R. PMID 5435893. S2CID 30793291. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.368.

[3] Hummingbirds. Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. [2021-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-14）.

[Geiser(1994)a-4] Geiser, F. Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials - a Review. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1994, 42 (1): 1. doi:10.1071/zo9940001.

[Stannard2015-5] Stannard, H.J.; Fabian, M.; Old, J.M. To bask or not to bask: Behavioural thermoregulation in two species of dasyurid, Phascogale calura and Antechinomys laniger. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2015, 53: 66-71. PMID 26590457. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.012.

[Bartels(1998)a-6] Bartels, W.; Law, B. S.; Geiser, F. Daily torpor and energetics in a tropical mammal, the northern blossom-bat Macroglossus minimus (Megachiroptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 7 April 1998, 168 (3): 233–239. PMID 9591364. S2CID 16870476. doi:10.1007/s003600050141.

[Geiser(2004)a-7] Geiser, Fritz. Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor. Annual Review of Physiology. March 2004, 66 (1): 239–274. PMID 14977403. S2CID 22397415. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105.

[8] Dawson, T. J.; Finch, E.; Freedman, L.; Hume, I. D.; Renfree, Marilyn; Temple-Smith, P. D. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria (PDF). Walton, D. W.; Richardson, B. J. (编). Fauna of Australia - Volume 1B Mammalia. [2021-03-13]. ISBN 978-0-644-06056-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-05）.

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