Haloarcula

Haloarcula
	SEM image of Haloarcula quadrata.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Euryarchaeota
Phylum:	Euryarchaeota
Class:	Halobacteria
Order:	Halobacteriales
Family:	Haloarculaceae
Genus:	Haloarcula; Torreblanca et al. 1986 emend. Oren et al. 2009
Type species
	Haloarcula vallismortis; (Gonzalez, Gutierrez & Ramirez 1979) Torreblanca et al. 1986
Species
	"H. aidinensis"; "H. algeriensis"; H. amylolytica; H. argentinensis; H. hispanica; H. japonica; H. mannanilytica; H. marismortui; "H. morrhuae"; H. quadrata; "H. rubripromontorii"; H. salaria; H. salina; H. sebkhae; "H. siamensis"; "H. taiwanensis"; H. tradensis; H. vallismortis;

Haloarcula (common abbreviation Har.) is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobactaria.^[2]

Cell Structure

Haloarcula species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Halobacteriaceae by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. H. quadrata has predominantly flat, square-shaped, somewhat pleomorphic cells.^[3]

Metabolism

H. quadrata was first isolated when researchers were attempting to culture Haloquadratum walsbyi, a haloarchaeon that was thought to be unculturable until 2004. Similar to other halophilic archaea, Haloarcula species grow optimally at 40–45 °C. Growth appears in sheets of up to 65 cells often in the shape of a square or triangle.

Taxonomy

The genus of Haloarcula was long grouped with other halophilic archaea such as Halobacterium until genomic analysis prompted to reorder this genus in the new family of Haloarculaceae.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[4] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[1]

16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022^[5]^[6]^[7]

53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214^[8]^[9]^[10]

Haloarcula

	H. mannanilytica

	H. sebkhae

H. tradensis Namwong et al. 2011

H. salaria Namwong et al. 2011

	H. amylolytica

	H. japonica

H. hispanica

H. argentinensis

H. marismortui

	H. quadrata Oren et al. 1999

	H. vallismortis

Halomicroarcula salinisoli

Halomicroarcula salina

Halomicroarcula amylolytica

	Halomicroarcula limicola

	Halomicroarcula nitratireducens

Halomicrobium katesii

	Halomicrobium urmianus

	Halapricum desulfuricans

Halomicrobium

Halomicroarcula

Haloarcula

H. salina (Zhang & Cui 2015) Ma et al. 2023

	"H. rubripromontorii" Sanchez-Nieves et al. 2016

	"H. taiwanensis" Chen et al. 2018

H. vallismortis (Gonzalez, Gutierrez & Ramirez 1979) Torreblanca et al. 1986

H. mannanilytica Enomoto et al. 2020

	H. amylolytica Yang et al. 2007

	H. hispanica Juez et al. 1986

H. japonica Takashina et al. 1991

H. marismortui Elazari-Volcani 1940 ex Oren et al. 1990

	H. argentinensis Ihara et al. 1997

	H. sebkhae Barreteau et al. 2019

Ecology

Haloarcula species are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils. Like other members of the family Halobacteriaceae, Haloarcula requires at least 1.5 M NaCl for growth, but grow optimally in 2.0 to 4.5 M NaCl.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Sayers; et al. "Haloarcula". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
^ Oren, Aharon (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Family Halobacteriaceae", The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 41–121, Bibcode:2014prok.book...41O, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_313, ISBN 978-3-642-38954-2, retrieved 2021-11-17
^ Oren, A.; Ventosa, A.; Gutierrez, M. C.; Kamekura, M. (1999). "Haloarcula quadrata sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt)". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (3): 1149–1155. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149. PMID 10425773.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Haloarcula". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
^ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

Haloarcula at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

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[NCBI-1] Sayers; et al. "Haloarcula". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-10-10.

[:0-2] Oren, Aharon (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Family Halobacteriaceae", The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 41–121, Bibcode:2014prok.book...41O, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_313, ISBN 978-3-642-38954-2, retrieved 2021-11-17

[3] Oren, A.; Ventosa, A.; Gutierrez, M. C.; Kamekura, M. (1999). "Haloarcula quadrata sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt)". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (3): 1149–1155. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149. PMID 10425773.

[LPSN-4] J.P. Euzéby. "Haloarcula". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-10-10.

[5] "The LTP". Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[6] "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[7] "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[about-8] "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[tree-9] "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[taxon_history-10] "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

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