Macintosh startup

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The classic Macintosh startup sequence includes hardware tests which can trigger the startup chimes, Happy Mac, Sad Mac, and Chimes of Death.

Macs made from 1984 to 1998 used Old World ROM as the boot loader for all Macs produced around that time period. From 1998 up until the PowerPC to Intel transition, New World ROM was used for all Macs starting with the first iMac and later expanding to the first iBook and the Blue and White Power Mac G3. Most Intel-based Macs used Apple's implementation of EFI as the boot loader, while those with a T2 security chip used a slightly different approach where it verifies the digital signature of the EFI firmware via the security chip, which will then load the firmware upon successful verification.^[1] All Apple silicon-based Macs use a newer method separate from previous Macs where it uses a boot ROM located on the SoC to launch iBoot, in a similar manner to that of the iPhone and iPad.

In all instances, the startup chimes will be heard upon completion of the boot process (if successful), and a Happy Mac (or the Apple logo on newer versions) will be displayed on the screen to visually indicate that no hardware issues were found during the boot process. On the other hand, a failure to do so will result in a different outcome where a different sound will be heard in place of the startup chime. This would either be a Chimes of Death (for most Old World ROM Macs made from 1987 to 1998) or a series of simple beep codes (for Macs made from 1998 onwards). In addition, a Sad Mac with either one or two lines of hexadecimal codes will be displayed on some Old World ROM machines to visually indicate a hardware issue during the boot process.

All Macs made from 2016 to 2020 have the startup chimes disabled by default,^[2] however, it was later re-enabled on those Macs running macOS Big Sur or later; this can be disabled by the user within System Preferences (Big Sur up to Monterey) or System Settings (Ventura and later).^[3]

The Macintosh startup chime is played on power-up, before booting into an operating system. The sound indicates that diagnostic tests were run immediately at startup and have found no hardware or fundamental software problems.^[4] The specific sound differs depending on the ROM, which greatly varies depending on Macintosh model. For models built prior to the introduction of the Power Macintosh in 1994, the failure of initial self-diagnostic tests results in a Sad Mac icon, an error code, and (later) the distinctive Chimes of Death sounds.

The startup chime in the first three Macintosh models is a simple square-wave "beep" programmed by Andy Hertzfeld,^[5] and all subsequent sounds are various chords. Software engineer Mark Lentczner created the software that plays the C major fourth chord in the Macintosh II. Variations of this sound were deployed until Apple sound designer Jim Reekes created the startup chime in the Quadra 700 through the Quadra 800.^[6] Reekes said, "The startup sound was done in my home studio on a Korg Wavestation EX. It's a C major chord, played with both hands stretched out as wide as possible (with 3rd at the top, if I recall)." He created the sound as he was annoyed with the tri-tone startup chimes because they were too associated with the death chimes and the computer crashes. He recalls that Apple did not give him permission to change the sound but that he secretly snuck the sound into the computers with the help of engineers who were in charge of the ROM chips. When Apple discovered this, he refused to change it, using various claims in order to keep the new sound intact.^[7] He is also the creator of the iconic (or "earconic", as he calls it) "bong" startup chime in most Macintoshes since the Quadra 840AV. It was created with multiple synthesizers, a couple of them being Reekes' Wavestation and an Oberheim Matrix-6.^[8] A slightly lower-pitched version of this chime is in all PCI-based Power Macs until the iMac G3. The Macintosh LC, LC II, and Macintosh Classic II do not use the Reekes chime, instead using an F major fifth chord that just produces a "ding" sound. The first generation Power Macintosh computers also do not use the Reekes chime, instead using a chord strummed on a Yamaha 12-string acoustic guitar by jazz guitarist Stanley Jordan, using his finger tapping technique. Furthermore, the Power Macintosh 5200–6300 computers (excluding the 5400 and 5500, which uses the same "bong" chime found in all PCI-based Power Macs) use a unique chime composed with a Fairlight CMI, which is also in the television commercials for the Power Macintosh and PowerBook series from 1995 until 1998. The 20th Anniversary Macintosh also uses another unique sound.

The chime for all Mac computers from 1998 to early 2016 is the same chime that was first introduced in the iMac G3. It was produced by pitch-shifting the 840AV's startup chime, making it an F-sharp major chord. As of 2012, the Mac startup chime is a registered trademark in the United States,^[9] and is featured in the 2008 Pixar film WALL-E when the titular robot character is fully recharged by solar panels as well as in the 2007 Brad Paisley song "Online".^[10]

Starting with the 2016 MacBook Pro, all new Macs were shipped without a startup chime, with the Macs silently booting when powered on.^[2] The startup chime would later be added to these models (and all subsequent models since) with the release of macOS Big Sur in 2020, which can be enabled or disabled in System Preferences.^[11] The new startup chime found in Big Sur is similar to the previous one but was pitch-shifted down one semitone, producing an F major chord instead of an F-sharp major chord. A similar-sounding variant of this startup chime was also used in the "Simplicity Shootout" commercial that was shown during the iMac G3's introduction in 1998. Initially, this revised startup chime was only included on Intel-based Macs with a T2 security chip, with most of the other models at the time (including older ones) still having the previous one. Eventually, the new startup chime was brought over to all older supported Macs starting with the macOS Big Sur 11.0.1 beta. A firmware update included in the macOS Catalina 2020-001 Security Update and the macOS Mojave 2020-007 Security Update brought the new startup chime in Big Sur to all Big Sur-supported Macs as well as the unsupported 2013 iMac.

A Happy Mac is the normal bootup (startup) icon of an Apple Macintosh computer running older versions of the Mac operating system. It was designed by Susan Kare in the 1980s, drawing inspiration from the design of the Compact Macintosh series and from the Batman character Two-Face.^[5] The logo also shares some similarities to the faces of the 1934 painting Deux personnages (Two Characters) by Pablo Picasso and to the Bauhaus emblem.^[12][13] The icon remained unchanged for many years until it and its related icons were updated to 8-bit color by Lauralee Alben.^[14]

The Happy Mac indicates that booting has successfully begun, while a Sad Mac (along with a "Chimes of Death" melody or one or more beeps) indicates a hardware or software problem. When a Macintosh boots into the classic Mac OS (Mac OS 9 or lower), the system will play its startup chime, and the screen will turn gray. The Happy Mac icon will appear, followed by the "Welcome to Mac OS" splash screen (or the small "Welcome to Macintosh" window in System 7.5 and earlier), which underwent several stylistic changes, the other significant ones being the inclusion of extension icons appearing in the bottom left as well as a progress bar that was introduced in System 7.5. Mac OS 8.6 and later include the version number in the splash screen (for example, "Mac OS 9" in big black text).

On early Macs without an internal hard drive, the computer boots up to a point where it needs to load the operating system from a floppy disk. The Mac displays a floppy disk icon with a blinking question mark until the user inserts the correct disk. In New World ROM Macs, a folder icon with a question mark that repeatedly changes to the Finder icon is shown if a System Folder or boot loader file cannot be found on the startup disk. With the introduction of Mac OS X, in addition to the blinking system folder icon, a prohibition icon was added to show an incorrect OS version is found, which was first introduced in Mac OS X 10.2.

With Mac OS X 10.1, a new Happy Mac was included. This is also the last version with a Happy Mac icon. In 2002, with the release of version 10.2, the Happy Mac symbol was retired and replaced with the Apple logo. In OS X Lion 10.7, the Apple logo was slightly shrunk and added a drop-in shadow. In OS X Yosemite 10.10, the white screen with a gray Apple logo was replaced with a black screen with a white Apple logo, and the spinning wheel was replaced with a loading bar. This loading bar would be slightly moved to near the bottom of the screen starting with macOS Sonoma 14. However, this only applies to Macs from 2013 and later, including the 2012 Retina MacBook Pros, and requires a firmware update to be applied. All earlier Macs still use the old screen. The shadow on the Apple logo was removed in OS X El Capitan 10.11 (for 2012 and earlier Macs). In 2016 and later Macs (excluding the Early 2016 MacBook), the Apple logo appears as soon as the screen turns on rather than after the startup chime.

The design of the Happy Mac was reused as the icon for Face ID, introduced in iOS 11 for iPhone and iOS 12 for iPad.^[15]

A bomb screen was an error message used on the classic Mac OS in the event of a software error in the operating system. It was replaced with a kernel panic in Mac OS X, which was originally colored white in Mac OS X Jaguar but was changed to black in Mac OS X Panther.

A Sad Mac is a symbol in older-generation Apple Macintosh computers (hardware using the Old World ROM and not Open Firmware, which are those predating onboard USB), starting with the original 128K Macintosh and ending with the last NuBus-based Power Macintosh models (including the first-generation 6100, 7100, 8100, as well as the PowerBook 5300 and 1400),^[16] to indicate a severe hardware or software problem that prevented startup from occurring successfully. The Sad Mac icon is displayed, along with a set of hexadecimal codes that indicate the type of problem at startup. Different codes exist for different errors. This is in place of the normal Happy Mac icon, which indicates that the startup-time hardware tests were successful.

Most models made prior to the Macintosh II crash silently and display the Sad Mac without playing any tone. In 68k models made after the Macintosh II, a series of sounds known as the Chimes of Death (see below) are played. Most PowerPC Macs play a sound effect of a car crash, while computers equipped with a PowerPC upgrade card use a three note brass fanfare death chime (A, E-natural, and E-flat) with the sound of drums and cymbals at the end, taken from the Power Macintosh/Performa 6200 and 6300.

A Sad Mac may be deliberately generated at startup by pressing the interrupt switch (Also known as the Programmer's Key) on Macintosh computers that had one installed or by pressing Command and Power keys shortly after the startup chime. These functions normally opened up a debugger window within the operating system but triggers a Sad Mac error on startup when it is accessed before booting into an operating system. On some Macintoshes such as PowerBook 540c, if the user presses the command and power keys before the boot screen is displayed, only the Chimes of Death are played. Depending on the model, the chimes would play much faster or slower than normal and there is no Sad Mac displayed.

Old World ROM Power Macintosh and PowerBook models based on the PCI architecture do not use a Sad Mac icon and will instead only play the error/car-crash sound on a hardware failure (such as missing or bad memory, unusable CPU, or similar errors).

An equivalent to the Sad Mac on Mac OS X is a Universal "no" symbol introduced in Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar and later, which denotes a hardware or software error that renders the computer non-bootable as well as indicating that an incorrect OS has been found (as mentioned earlier).^[17][18]

The Chimes of Death are the Macintosh equivalent of a beep code on IBM PC compatibles. On all Macintosh models predating the adoption of PCI and Open Firmware, the Chimes of Death are often accompanied by a Sad Mac icon in the middle of the screen (more information about the Sad Mac is above).

Different Macintosh series have different death chimes. The Macintosh II is the first to use the death chimes, a loud and eerie upward major arpeggio, with different chimes on many models. The Macintosh Quadra, Centris, Performa, LC, and the Macintosh Classic II play a generally softer and lower pitched version of the upward major arpeggio, followed by three or four notes, with slight variations depending on the model of the Macintosh. The PowerBook 5300, 190, and 1400 use the second half of the 8-note arpeggio as found on the Quadra and Centris models, or the entire death chime if the error occurs before the screen lights up. The Macintosh Quadra/Centris 660AV use a sound of a single pass of Roland D-50's "Digital Native Dance" sample loop and a couple of sound effects from the Roland U-20, while the NuBus-based Power Macintosh models (including the 6100,^[19] 7100, and 8100 series) use a car crash sound. The Power Macintosh and Performa 6200 and 6300 series along with the Power Macintosh (PowerPC) upgrade card use an eerily dramatic 3-note brass fanfare with a rhythm of drums and cymbals, all of which were also composed with the U-20. In the case of the Power Macintosh/Performa 6200 and 6300, the aforementioned death chime plays before the screen lights up for these models while the 8-note arpeggio similar to that found in the Quadra and Centris series plays after the screen lights up. The pre-G3 PCI Power Macs, the beige G3 Power Macs, the G3 All-In-One, and the PowerBook 2400, 3400, and G3 all use the sound of popping and glass shattering; these models do not display a Sad Mac icon.

With the introduction of the iMac in 1998, the Chimes of Death are no longer used in favor of a series of tones to indicate hardware errors.

• Booting
• Power-on self-test
• Screen of death
• Floppy disk

• The Original Macintosh: Boot Beep – Folklore.org
• Every Mac Startup & Crash Chime on YouTube (2017)