Establishment of State Shinto Shrines
1878 engraving by Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1912). The figures represented in these three panels are: * Centre: Front . Emperor Meiji in a Western chair with his wife, Empress Shōken , seated in the foreground. The Imperial couple are accompanied behind and in the flanking panels with an array of Shinto kami Rear . The kami Izanami , Kunitokotatchi and Izanagi . * Right: Front . Emperor Kōmei (seated in foreground), Empress Go-Sakuramachi (here presented as a man with a false goatee), and Emperor Jinmu (carrying a rough bow and perched eagle. Rear . The kami Amaterasu (standing and holding the three Sacred Treasures of Japan ) and Ninigi-no-Mikoto (who first brought to earth the Imperial regalia—the sword, Kusanagi , the mirror, Yata no Kagami , and the jewel, Yasakani no magatama ). * Left: Front : Emperor Go-Momozono (clothed in red), Emperor Kōkaku (clothed in black) and Emperor Ninkō (clothed in green). Rear . The kami Hiko-hohodemi (clothed in white) and Ugayafukiaezu (clothed in yellow). The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度 Kindai Shakaku Seido shakaku (社格 ) was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto . This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into
Imperial shrines (kampeisha ), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and National shrines (kokuheisha ), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[ 1] Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya provinces of Japan .
The Ise Grand Shrine stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.[ 2] [ 3]
All listed shrines on this page with the exception of Ise Grand Shrine are Beppyo shrines .
On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871, by decree of the Dajō-kan , the fundamental elements of the modern shrine system were established: a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines, with specification of the grades of priest who could officiate at the various levels of shrine.[ 4] State Shinto " by the Occupation Shinto Directive . The Jinja Honcho currently has a slightly different List of Special Shrines (別表神社, beppyo jinja ).
Kashima Jingu and Katori Jingu were considered the two shrines directly below Ise Jingu.
The Kan-sha (官社 or "official government shrines" had two subdivisions, Kanpei-sha or "government shrines" and Kokuhei-sha or "national shrines".[ 4]
For future tables, red cells denote shrines in the Japanese colonial empire .
In 1871, the Japanese government established the Kanpei-sha (官幣社) system to classify Shinto shrines based on their level of association with the imperial family. The highest category included shrines that venerated the imperial family members, emperors, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family. These shrines were considered to be the most closely associated with the imperial family and received government support.[ 1]
[ edit ] The Kanpei-taisha were the most highly ranked shrines in Japan that were officially designated by the government. There were 67 shrines that held this status, which were closely associated with the imperial family. These shrines were considered to be of great historical and cultural significance, and were often visited by members of the imperial family as well as the general public.[ 5]
name location Category notes Katori jingu [ 6] Katori, Chiba Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Shimōsa Province [ 7] Ise Grand Shrine , Futsunushi Kashima Jingū [ 8] Kashima, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Hitachi Province [ 7] Ise Grand Shrine , Takemikazuchi Iwashimizu Hachimangū [ 5] Yawata Kokushi genzaisha , Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven; Homuda-wakeno-mikoto (Emperor Ōjin ); Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-mikoto (Empress Jingū ), Kamigamo Shrine [ 5] Kita-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha , Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven, combined with Shimogamo Shrine ; Wake-ikazuchi-no-kami ; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province [ 7] Shimogamo Shrine [ 5] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven, combined with Kamigamo Shrine ; Tamayori-hime-no-mikoto ; Kamo Taeketsunumi-no-mikoto ; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province[ 7] Kasuga-taisha [ 9] Nara Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven, Takemikazuchi , Futsunushi , Ame no Koyane , Himegami Matsunoo Taisha [ 5] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven; Oyamakui-no-mikoto ; Nakatsushima-hime-no-mikoto , Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto Hirano Shrine [ 5] Kita-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven; Imaki-no-kami , Kudo-no-kami ; Furuaki-no-kami , Himegami Fushimi Inari-taisha [ 5] Fushimi-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Upper Seven; Inari Ōkami , Ukanomitama Tatsuta Taisha [ 5] Sangō, Nara Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven, Shinatsuhiko Ōmiwa Shrine [ 5] Sakurai, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven; ichinomiya of Yamato Province [ 7] Ōmononushi Ōnamuchi Sukunahikona-no-kami Mount Miwa
Isonokami Shrine [ 10] Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven, Futsu-no-mitama [ja ] Ōyamato Shrine [ 5] Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven, Yamato Okunitama Hirose Taisha [ 5] Kawai, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven Sumiyoshi-taisha [ 8] Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Middle Seven; ichinomiya of Settsu Province ,[ 7] Sumiyoshi sanjin , Empress Jingū Hiyoshi Taisha [ 5] Ōtsu Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight, Ninomiya, Ōkuninushi , Oyamakui no Kami Hirota Shrine [ 8] Nishinomiya Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight, Amaterasu Yasaka Shrine [ 11] Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto Kokushi genzaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight, Susanoo-no-Mikoto (Gion cult , Yashimajinumi Niukawakami Shrine [ 5] Higashiyoshino, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight Itsukushima Shrine [ 11] Hatsukaichi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Aki Province [ 12] Twenty-Two Shrines , Ichikishimahime [ja ] , Tagitsuhime [ja ] , Takiribime [ja ] Izumo-taisha [ 8] Izumo, Shimane Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Izumo Province [ 13] Izumo-taishakyo , sometimes seen as a rival to Ise Grand Shrine , Susanoo-no-Mikoto Hikawa Shrine [ 14] Saitama Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Musashi Province [ 7] Susanoo Kushinadahime Ōkuninushi Ashinazuchi Tenazuchi
Usa Jingū [ 8] Usa, Ōita Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Buzen Province [ 12] Hachiman Kashii-gū [ 8] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Kokushi genzaisha , Chokusaisha Emperor Chuai , Empress Jingu Kashihara Jingu [ 8] Kashihara, Nara Chokusaisha Emperor Jimmu , Himetataraisuzu-hime Heian Jingu [ 8] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Chokusaisha Meiji Jingu [ 15] Shibuya Chokusaisha Emperor Meiji Empress Shoken
Omi Jingū [ 11] Ōtsu Chokusaisha Emperor Tenji Awa Shrine [ 8] Tateyama, Chiba Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awa Province [ 7] Ame-no-Futodama Aso Shrine [ 11] Aso, Kumamoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Higo Province [ 12] Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto [ja ] Atsuta Jingu [ 16] Atsuta-ku, Nagoya Myojin Taisha Atsuta no Ōkami Amaterasu
Susanoo
Yamatotakeru
Miyazu-hime
Takeinadane [ja ]
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha [ 8] [ 17] Fujinomiya, Shizuoka [ 18] Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Suruga Province ,[ 7] Konohanasakuya-hime Gassan Shrine Tsuruoka Myojin Taisha one of the Three Mountains of Dewa ; Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto Hakozaki Shrine [ 11] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province [ 12] Emperor Ōjin Empress Jingū Tamayori-hime
Hinokuma Jingu [ 8] Wakayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kii Province ,[ 12] Kunikakasu Shrine ; Hie Shrine [ 14] Chiyoda, Tokyo Oyamakui no Kami Hiraoka Shrine [ 5] Higashiōsaka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kawachi Province [ 7] Ame-no-Koyane , Hime-gami , Futsunushi , Takemikazuchi Hokkaidō Jingū [ 19] Sapporo ichinomiya of Ezo Province [ 20] Ōkunitama , Ōkuninushi , and Sukunahikona , Ikukunitama Shrine [ 8] Tennōji-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha Izanagi Jingu [ 8] Awaji, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awaji Province [ 12] Izanagi , Izanami Kehi Jingu [ 8] Tsuruga, Fukui Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Echizen Province [ 13] Kagoshima Jingū [ 8] Kirishima, Kagoshima Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Ōsumi Province [ 12] Hoori Toyotama-hime Emperor Chūai Emperor Ōjin Empress Jingū
Kamayama Shrine [ 11] Wakayama Itsuse no Mikoto (彦五瀬命 Kirishima Jingū [ 11] Kirishima, Kagoshima Konohanasakuya-hime Hoori Toyotama-hime Ugayafukiaezu Tamayori-bime Ninigi-no-Mikoto
Kumano Hongū Taisha Tanabe, Wakayama Myojin Taisha Kumano Hayatama Taisha Shingū, Wakayama Shikinai Taisha Kunikakasu Shrine [ 8] Wakayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kii Province;[ 12] Hinokuma Shrine ; Mishima Taisha [ 8] Mishima, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Izu Province ,[ 7] Ōyamatsumi Miyazaki Jingū [ 8] Miyazaki Emperor Jimmu Ugayafukiaezu Tamayori-bime
Munakata Taisha [ 8] Munakata, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha Ichikishimahime [ja ] , Tagitsuhime [ja ] , Takiribime [ja ] Niutsuhime Shrine Katsuragi, Wakayama Myojin Taisha Niutsuhime-no-Ōkami Kōyamiko-no-Ōkami Ōgetsuhime-no-kami Ichikishimahime-no-Ōkami
Ōtori taisha [ 8] Sakai Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Izumi Province [ 7] Ōtori-no-muraji and Yamato Takeru Suwa-taisha [ 11] Suwa, Nagano Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shinano Province [ 13] Takeminakata Yasakatome Kotoshironushi
Takebe taisha [ 8] Ōtsu [ 21] Myojin Taisha Yamato-takeru-no-mitoko ; ichinomiya of Ōmi Province [ 7] Taga-taisha [ 11] Taga, Shiga Sannomiya Izanagi , Izanami Udo Jingū [ 8] Nichinan, Miyazaki Ugayafukiaezu Amaterasu Ame-no-oshihomimi Ninigi-no-Mikoto Hoori Emperor Jimmu
Yoshino Jingu [ 22] Yoshino, Nara Emperor Go-Daigo Taiwan Grand Shrine [ 11] Taipei , Taiwan now extinct Karafuto Shrine [ 11] Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk , Karafuto Prefecture , Russia removed from Sakhalin Chōsen Jingu [ 11] Seoul , Korea under Japanese rule now extinct Kunitama Okami Amaterasu Okami
Fuyo Jingū Buyeo County , Korea never completed[ 23] Emperor Ōjin (Hachiman ), Empress Kōgyoku , Emperor Tenji , Empress Jingū
Kantō Jingu Lüshunkou District , Kwantung Leased Territory , China now extinct Emperor Meiji Amaterasu Omikami
Nan'yō Shrine [ 24] Koror , Palau Amaterasu Ōmikami . holy relics and kami were evacuated by submarine in 1944[ 25]
[ edit ] The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei Chūsha (官幣中社) included 23 sanctuaries. These shrines were considered to be of intermediate rank among the government-supported shrines and were given lesser financial support compared to the Kanpei-taisha.[ 8]
name location category notes Ōharano Shrine .[ 11] Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto .[ 11] Kokushi genzaisha Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko , Futsunushi Ame-no-Koyane , Himegami , one of the Twenty-Two Shrines Kifune Shrine .[ 11] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha Kuraokami-no-kami , one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight Kitano Tenmangū .[ 11] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Kokushi genzaisha Sugawara no Michizane , one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight Umenomiya Taisha .[ 11] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto [ 26] Myojin Taisha Sakatoke-no-kami , Ōwakako-no-kami , Satatokeko-no-kami, one of the Twenty-Two Shrines , Lower Eight; Yoshida Shrine .[ 11] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Shikigeisha [ja ; simple ] Twenty-Two Shrines Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko , Futsunushi Ame-no-Koyane , Himegami ,[ 27] Akama Jingu [ 11] Shimonoseki Emperor Antoku ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Dazaifu Tenmangū .[ 28] Dazaifu, Fukuoka Sugawara no Michizane Hikosan Jingū .[ 28] Soeda , Fukuoka Prefecture Amenooshihomimi Izanagi Izanami-no-Mikoto
Iinoya-gū [ 11] Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu [ 29] Munenaga -shinnō Ikasuri Shrine Chūō-ku, Osaka Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Settsu Province [ 7] Zamagami Ikuta Shrine [ 28] Chūō-ku, Kobe Myojin Taisha Wakahiru-me Itakiso Shrine [ 28] Wakayama (city) [ 30] Myojin Taisha Isotakeru-no-kami [ja ] (五十猛神 Kamakura-gū [ 11] Kamakura [ 31] Morinaga-shinnō Kanasana Shrine Kodama District, Saitama Myojin Taisha Amaterasu , Susanoo-no-Mikoto Kanegasaki-gū [ 28] Tsuruga, Fukui [ 32] Takanaga Shinnō , Tsunenaga shinnō Kibitsu Shrine [ 28] Okayama Myojin Taisha Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mikoto , son of Emperor Kōrei ; ichinomiya of Bitchū Province [ 12] Kumano Nachi Taisha [ 28] Nachikatsuura [ 33] Kokushi genzaisha Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami , Kumano Fusumi-no-kami Minase Shrine [ 34] Shimamoto, Osaka Emperor Go-Toba , Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Mikami Shrine [ 28] Yasu, Shiga [ 35] Myojin Taisha Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto [ja ] Nagata Shrine .[ 28] Nagata-ku, Kobe [ 36] Myojin Taisha Kotohshironushi-no-mikoto Shiramine Jingū [ 34] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Emperor Junnin ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Sumiyoshi Shrine [ 28] Shimonoseki [ 37] Myojin Taisha Sumiyoshi sanjin , the aramitama -hime-no- mitoko ; ichinomiya of Nagato Province [ 12] Yatsushiro-gū [ 11] Yatsushiro, Kumamoto [ 38] Prince Kaneyoshi Watatsumi Shrine .[ 28] Tarumi-ku, Kobe , Harima Province Myojin Taisha Watatsumi Tainan Shrine .[ 28] Tainan , Taiwan now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa -no-mikoto
[ edit ] There were five shrines that were considered the lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines. They were called Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社).[ 28]
name location Category notes Kamado Shrine .[ 28] Dazaifu, Fukuoka [ 39] Myojin Taisha Tamayori-bime Emperor Ōjin Empress Jingū
Naminoue Shrine .[ 28] Naha , Okinawa [ 40] Izanami , Hayatama , Kotosaka ; ichinomiya of Ryukyu Islands [ 41] Ōkunitama Shrine .[ 28] Fuchū, Tokyo [ 42] Ōkuninushi Okunitama
Shikaumi Shrine .[ 28] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka [ 43] Myojin Taisha Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko , Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Sumiyoshi Shrine .[ 28] Hakata-ku, Fukuoka [ 44] Myojin Taisha Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko , Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto ; ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province [ 12]
Other Imperial shrines [ edit ] After the establishment of the officially ranked Imperial shrines, another group of special shrines known as Bekkaku kanpeisha (別格官幣社) was created. These shrines were not included in the ranking system of the Imperial shrines, but were still imperial.[ 45]
name location Category notes Yasukuni Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo Chokusaisha Gokoku Shrines are categorized separately but considered branches of this shrine[ 46] Abeno Shrine Abeno-ku, Osaka Fujishima Shrine Fukui (city) Fukui Shrine [ja ; simple ] Fukui (city) Goō Shrine Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Karasawayama Shrine Tochigi Sano, Tochigi Kenkun Shrine Kita-ku, Kyoto Kikuchi Shrine Kikuchi, Kumamoto Kitabatake Shrine Tsu, Mie Komikado Shrine Narita, Chiba Kunōzan Tōshō-gū Suruga-ku, Shizuoka Minatogawa Shrine Chūō-ku, Kobe , Kobe , Japan Nashinoki Shrine [ja ; simple ] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Nawa Shrine Saihaku District, Tottori Daisen, Tottori Nikkō Tōshō-gū Nikkō Oyama Shrine Kanazawa Ryōzen Shrine Date, Fukushima Saga Shrine [ja ; simple ] Saga (city) Shijōnawate Shrine Shijōnawate Tanzan Shrine Sakurai, Nara Toyokuni Shrine (Kyoto) Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto , Kyoto , Kyoto Prefecture Toyosaka Shrine [ja ; simple ] Yamaguchi (city) Noda Shrine [ja ; simple ] Yamaguchi (city) Terukuni shrine Kagoshima Tokiwa shrine Mito, Ibaraki Uesugi Shrine Yonezawa, Yamagata Yamauchi Shrine [ja ; simple ] Kōchi Prefecture Kōchi, Kōchi Yūki Shrine Tsu, Mie
The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社 identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[ 1]
[ edit ] The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大社 were six sanctuaries.
[ edit ] The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社 encompassed 47 sanctuaries.
name location Category notes Aekuni Shrine Ueno, Iga ichinomiya of Iga Province [ 7] Ani Shrine Okayama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Bizen Province [ 12] Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine Yuza, Yamagata Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Dewa Province ; Chinzei Taisha Suwa Shrine Nagasaki, Nagasaki Hakodate Hachiman Shrine Hakodate, Hokkaidō Hayatani Shrine Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Ninomiya Ichinomiya Nukisaki Shrine Tomioka, Gunma Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kōzuke Province [ 13] Isasumi Shrine Aizumisato, Fukushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Iwashiro Province Ichinomiya Asama Shrine Fuefuki, Yamanashi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kai Province [ 7] Ikushimatarushima Shrine Ueda, Nagano Myojin Taisha Imizu Shrine Takaoka, Toyama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Etchū Province Izumo daijingu Kameoka, Kyoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tanba Province [ 13] Izushi Shrine Toyooka, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tajima Province [ 13] Iwa Shrine Shisō, Hyōgo e Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Harima Province [ 12] Isono Shrine Saijō, Ehime Myojin Taisha Inbe Shrine Tokushima, Tokushima Myojin Taisha Kaijin Shrine Tsushima, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tsushima Province ; Kono Shrine Miyazu, Kyoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tango Province [ 13] Kotohira-gu Kotohira, Kagawa Masumida Shrine Ichinomiya, Aichi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Owari Province [ 7] Mizuwakasu Shrine Okinoshima, Shimane Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Oki Province [ 13] Miho Shrine Matsue, Shimane Nakayama Shrine Tsuyama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Mimasaka Province [ 12] Nikkō Futarasan Shrine Nikkō, Tochigi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province [ 13] Nitta Shrine Satsumasendai, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province [ 12] Ōasahiko Shrine Naruto, Tokushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awa Province [ 12] Ōagata Shrine Inuyama, Aichi Myojin Taisha Ninomiya, Oarai Isosaki Shrine Ōarai, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha Shiogama Shrine Shiogama, Miyagi Shikigeisha [ja ; simple ] ichinomiya of Mutsu Province [ 13] Sakatsura Isosaki Shrine Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City) Iki, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha Samukawa Shrine Samukawa, Kanagawa Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Sagami Province [ 7] Shirayamahime Shrine Hakusan, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Kaga Province [ 13] Sasamuta Shrine Ōita, Ōita Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Bungo Province [ 12] Tsutsukowake Shrine Tanagura, Fukushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Mutsu Province [ 13] Tamanooya Shrine Hōfu, Yamaguchi ichinomiya of Suō Province [ 12] Tamasaki Shrine Ichinomiya, Chiba Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kazusa Province [ 7] Tamura Shrine Takamatsu, Kagawa Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Sanuki Province [ 12] Tashima Shrine Karatsu, Saga Myojin Taisha Tosa Shrine Kōchi, Kōchi Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Tosa Province [ 12] Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Kamakura, Kanagawa Utsunomiya Futarayama Shrine Utsunomiya, Tochigi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province [ 13] Ube Shrine Tottori, Tottori Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Inaba Province [ 12] Wakasahiko Shrine Obama, Fukui Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Wakasa Province [ 13] Yahiko Shrine Yahiko, Niigata Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Echigo Province [ 13]
[ edit ] The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社 includes 50 sanctuaries.
Name location category notes Chichibu Shrine Chichibu, Saitama Shinomiya Chiriku Hachiman Shrine Miyaki, Saga ichinomiya of Buzen Province Dewa Shrine Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Three Mountains of Dewa Fujisaki-hachimangu Kumamoto, Kumamoto Hakone Shrine Hakone, Kanagawa Hinomisaki Shrine Izumo, Shimane Hirasaki Shrine Ibusuki, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province [ 12] Hotaka Shrine Azumino, Nagano Myojin Taisha Iminomiya Shrine Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Inaba Shrine Gifu, Gifu Iwakiyama Shrine Hirosaki, Aomori ichinomiya of Mutsu Province Izusan Shrine Atami, Shizuoka Kibitsuhiko Shrine Okayama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Bizen Province [ 12] Kibitsu Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima ichinomiya of Bingo Province [ 12] Koshiō Shrine Akita, Akita Kokushi genzaisha Komagata Shrine Ōshū, Iwate ichinomiya of Rikuchū Province Minashi Shrine Takayama, Gifu ichinomiya of Hida Province [ 13] Mononobe Shrine Ōda, Shimane ichinomiya of Iwami Province [ 13] Nunakuma Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima Ōgamiyama Shrine Yonago, Tottori Oguni shrine Mori, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Tōtōmi Province [ 7] Owari Ōkunitama Shrine Inazawa, Aichi Oyama Shrine Tateyama, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province [ 13] Sada Shrine Matsue, Shimane Shitori Shrine Yurihama, Tottori ichinomiya of Hōki Province [ 13] Shizuoka Sengen Shrine Aoi-ku, Shizuoka Susa Shrine Izumo, Shimane Sugo Ishibe Shrine [ja ; simple ] Kaga, Ishikawa Ninomiya Tsushima Shrine Tsushima, Aichi Tsurugi Shrine [ja ; simple ] Echizen, Fukui Ninomiya Togakushi Shrine Nagano, Nagano Takase Shrine Nanto, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province [ 13] Toga Shrine Toyokawa, Aichi ichinomiya of Mikawa Province [ 7] Tsuno Shrine Tsuno, Miyazaki ichinomiya of Hyūga Province [ 12] Watatsu Shrine Sado, Niigata ichinomiya of Sado Province [ 13] Yudonosan Shrine Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Three Mountains of Dewa Yusuhara Hachimangū Oita, Oita ichinomiya of Bungo Province [ 12] Heijō Shrine Pyongyang , Korea extinct Kagi Shrine Chiayi , Taiwan extinct Kankō Shrine [simple ] Hamhung , Korea extinct Keijō Shrine Seoul , Korea extinct Kōshū Shrine [simple ] Gwangju , Korea extinct Kōgen Shrine [simple ] Chuncheon , Korea extinct Ryūtōsan Shrine Busan , Korea extinct Shinchiku Shrine [simple ] Hsinchu , Taiwan extinct Taichu Shrine Taichung , Taiwan extinct Taikyu Shrine [simple ] Daegu , Korea extinct Zenshū Shrine [simple ] Jeonju , Korea extinct
Gokoku shrines were ranked separately.[ a] Yasukuni Shrine .[ 46] Beppyo shrines .
name location Beppyo notes Yasukuni Shrine Tokyo formerly Traditional head shrine. Also ranked as a Bekkaku Kanpeisha Miyagi Gokoku Shrine Sendai, Miyagi [] yes Akita Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Akita (city) yes Yamagata Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Yamagata yes Fukushima Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Fukushima (city) yes Ibaraki Prefectural Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Mito, Ibaraki yes Gunma Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Takasaki yes Chiba Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Chiba (city) Chūō-ku, Chiba yes Niigata Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata yes Toyama Gokoku Shrine Toyama (city) yes Ishikawa Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Kanazawa yes Fukui Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Fukui (city) yes Yamanashi Gokoku Shrine [ja ; de ; simple ] Kōfu yes Nagano Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Matsumoto, Nagano yes Gifu Gokoku Shrine Gifu yes Shizuokaken Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Aoi Ward , Shizuoka (city) yes Aichi Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Nagoya yes Mie Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Tsu, Mie yes Shiga Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ; sv ; simple ] Hikone, Shiga yes Kyoto Ryozen Gokoku Shrine Higashiyama Ward , Kyoto , Kyoto Prefecture yes Osaka Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Suminoe-ku, Osaka yes Hyogo Himeji Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Himeji yes Hyogo Prefecture Kobe Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Nada-ku, Kobe yes Nara Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Nara (city) yes Matsue Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Matsue yes Hamada Gokoku Shrine Hamada, Shimane yes Okayama Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Naka-ku, Okayama yes Bingo Gokoku Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima yes Hiroshima Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Hiroshima yes Yamaguchi Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Yamaguchi (city) yes Tokushima Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Tokushima (city) yes Ehime Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Matsuyama yes Kochi Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Kōchi, Kōchi yes Fukuoka Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Chūō-ku, Fukuoka yes Saga Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Saga (city) yes Nagasaki Gokoku Shrine Nagasaki yes Oita Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Ōita (city) yes Kagoshima Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Kagoshima yes Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Miyazaki (city) yes Not a proper Gokoku Shrine but listed as equivalent due to having been finished after the war Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Kumamoto yes Not a proper Gokoku Shrine but listed as equivalent due to having been finished after the war Okinawa Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Okinawa Prefecture no Hida Gokoku Shrine Takayama , Gifu Prefecture no Aomori Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Aomori no Wakayama Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Wakayama (city) no Meguro Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Meguro no Iki Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Iki, Nagasaki no Kagawa Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Zentsūji, Kagawa no Kawanami Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Kawaminami, Miyazaki no Saitama Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Saitama (city) no Sapporo Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Sapporo no Tanao Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Hekinan no Tochigi Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Tochigi (city) no Nōhi Gokoku Shrine Ōgaki , Gifu Prefecture no Hakodate Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Hakodate no Matsumae Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Matsumae, Hokkaido no Taiwan Gokoku Shrine [ja ] Taiwan no
The Sho-sha (諸社 or various smaller shrines ranking below these two levels of Kan-sha ("official government shrines") are commonly, though unofficially, referred to as "people's shrines" or Min-sha (民社 . These lower-ranking shrines were initially subdivided by the proclamation of the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871 into four main ranks, "Metropolitan", "Clan" or "Domain", "Prefectural", and "District" shrines.[ 4] (郷社定則 Gōsha Teisoku of the fourth day of the seventh month of 1871, in accordance with which "Village shrines" ranked below their respective "District shrines", while the smaller local shrines or Hokora ranked beneath the "Village shrines".[ 4]
Here is a non-exhaustive list of shrines under each categorization. This list only includes ones now listed as Beppyo shrines unless otherwise specified.
Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines [ edit ] "Metropolitan shrines" were known as Fu-sha (府社 .[ 4] Ken-sha (県社 .[ 4] Fuken-sha (府県社 .[ 4]
Name location Category notes Metropolitan Shrine (府社) Nogi Shrine (Tokyo) Minato, Tokyo － Kanda Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo Tōgō Shrine Tokyo Shibuya － Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine (Tokyo) Suginami － Yushima Tenmangū Bunkyō Atago Shrine (Kyoto) Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Shikinai Shosha Osaka Tenmangū Kita-ku, Osaka Kōzu-gū Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture Prefectural Shrine (県社) Sumiyoshi Shrine Otaru Kamikawa Shrine Asahikawa Obihiro Shrine Obihiro Tarumaezan Shrine Tomakomai Saruka Shrine Hirakawa, Aomori Shiwa Inari Shrine [ja ] Shiwa District, Iwate Shiwa, Iwate － Morioka Hachimangū Morioka － Kinkasan Shrine [ja ] Ishinomaki Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Takekoma Inari Shrine Iwanuma Taiheiyama Miyoshi Shrine [ja ] Akita (city) Akita Suwa Shrine [ja ] Senboku District, Akita Misato, Akita Kinpō Shrine Tsuruoka Kumano Shrine Nan'yō, Yamagata Ayukai Hachimangu [ja ] Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Shirataka － Yachi Hachimangu [ja ] Nishimurayama District, Yamagata Kahoku, Yamagata － Chōkai gassan ryōsho-gu [ja ; simple ] Yamagata － Sagae Hachimangu [ja ] Sagae － Tsukubasan Shrine Tsukuba Myojin Taisha (名神)・Shikinai Shosha Mito Tōshō-gū Mito, Ibaraki － Mitsumine Shrine [ja ] Chichibu, Saitama Hodosan Shrine [ja ] Nagatoro, Saitama Yakyu Inari Shrine [ja ] Higashimatsuyama, Saitama Hikawa Shrine (Kawagoe) Kawagoe, Saitama Washinomiya Shrine Kuki, Saitama Koma Shrine Hidaka, Saitama Enoshima Shrine Fujisawa, Kanagawa Iseyama Kotaijingu [ja ] Yokohama － Hiratsuka Hachimangu [ja ] Hiratsuka Hōtoku Ninomiya Shrine Odawara － Oyama Aburi Shrine [ja ] Isehara, Kanagawa Shikinai Shosha Hakusan Shrine [ja ] Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Hie Shrine (Toyama) [ja ] Toyama city － Onominato Shrine [ja ] Kanazawa Shikinai Shosha Shinmei Shrine [ja ] Fukui (city) Kitaguchi Hongu Fuji Asama Shrine [ja ] Fujiyoshida Fuji Omuro Asama Shrine [ja ] Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi Fujikawaguchiko Takeda Shrine Kōfu － Fukashi Shrine [ja ] Matsumoto, Nagano Tenaga Shrine [ja ] Suwa, Nagano Takemizuwake Shrine [ja ] Chikuma, Nagano Myojin Taisha (名神) Nyakuichi Ouji Shrine [ja ] Ōmachi, Nagano Sakurayama Hachimangu [ja ] Takayama, Gifu Akihasan Hongū Akiha Shrine Tenryū Ward Shirahama Shrine [ja ] Shimoda, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Yaizu Shrine Yaizu Oi Shrine [ja ] Shimada, Shizuoka Gosha Suwa Shrine [ja ; fr ; simple ] Chūō-ku, Hamamatsu Wakamiya Hachiman Shrine Naka Ward, Nagoya City Chiryu Shrine [ja ] Chiryū Shikinai Shosha Tsubaki Grand Shrine Suzuka, Mie Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Himure Hachiman-gū Ōmihachiman Nagahama Hachimangu [ja ] Nagahama, Shiga Nishinomiya Shrine Nishinomiya Itatehyōzu Shrine Himeji Shikinai Shosha Hiromine Shrine Himeji Kokushi genzaisha (国史) Oishi Shrine Akō, Hyōgo － Tada Shrine Kawanishi, Hyōgo － Isonozatakumushitama Shrine [ja ] Yamatotakada, Nara Taisha (大社) Tokei Shrine [ja ] Tanabe, Wakayama Hirahama Hachimangu [ja ] Matsue Yaegaki Shrine Matsue Shikinai Shosha Fukuyama Hachimangū Fukuyama, Hiroshima Kameyama Shrine [ja ] Kure, Hiroshima Hōfu Tenmangū Hōfu Kotozaki Hachimangu [ja ] Ube, Yamaguchi Kameyama Hachimangū Shimonoseki Ishizuchi Shrine [ja ] Saijō, Ehime Warei Shrine [ja ] Uwajima, Ehime Iyozu Hikomei Shrine [ja ] Matsuyama Myojin Taisha (名神) Ushioe Tenmangu shrine [ja ] Kōchi (city) Miyajidake Shrine Fukutsu, Fukuoka Kurume Suitengū Kurume City Kushida Shrine Hakata-ku, Fukuoka Furogu Shrine Ōkawa, Fukuoka Tobata Hachimangu [ja ] Kitakyushu Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū Kosou Hachimangu [ja ] Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū Umi Hachiman-gū Kasuya District, Fukuoka Umi, Fukuoka Otomi Shrine [ja ] Buzen, Fukuoka Terumo Shrine Chūō-ku, Fukuoka Noso Hachimangu [ja ] Iizuka, Fukuoka Yūtoku Inari Shrine Kashima, Saga － Kameyama Hachimangu Shrine [ja ] Sasebo Aoi Aso Shrine Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto Hachiman Asami Shrine [ja ] Beppu Kasuga Shrine [ja ] Ōita (city) Kanhashira-gū [ja ; fr ] Miyakonojō Sano Shrine [ja ] Nishimorokata District, Miyazaki Takaharu, Miyazaki Susaki Shrine Awa Province Ichinomiya , Not a Beppyo shrine Rokusho Shrine [ja ] Soja Shrine , Not a Beppyo shrine Take Shrine Fuchu , Aki District, Hiroshima Myojin Taisha (名神) Not a Beppyo shrine Unknown Tsubaki-Nakato Shrine Suzuka , Mie Prefecture Ise Province Ichinomiya , Not a Beppyo shrine Kotonomama Hachiman-gū Kakegawa , Shizuoka Prefecture Tōtōmi Province Ichinomiya , Not a Beppyo shrine Keta Jinja Takaoka , Toyama Prefecture ichinomiya Etchū Province , Not a Beppyo shrine Kota Shrine Jōetsu , Niigata Prefecture ichinomiya Echigo Province , Not a Beppyo shrine Amatsu Shrine Itoigawa, Niigata ichinomiya Echigo Province , Not a Beppyo shrine Awaga-jinja Asago in Hyōgo Prefecture ichinomiya Tajima Province , Not a Beppyo shrine Ichinomiya Shrine Tokushima in Tokushima Prefecture , Japan ichinomiya Awa Province , Not a Beppyo shrine Yodohime Shrine [simple ] Saga , Saga Prefecture Hizen Province ichinomiya , Not a Beppyo shrine Adachi Myokengu [ja ] Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Awata Shrine [ja ] Kyoto, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Izumi Inoue Shrine [ja ] Izumi Province, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Kitaoka Shrine [sv ; ja ] Higo Province, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Mizokui Shrine [ja ] Ibaraki , Osaka Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Nanba Shrine [ja ; de ; fr ; simple ] Osaka Not a Beppyo shrine Nitta Shrine (Ōta) Not a Beppyo shrine Suga Shrine Unnan , Shimane Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Sakurai Shrine (Sakai) Sakai , Osaka Prefecture , Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Onji Shrine [ja ] Osaka Prefecture, Japan Myojin Taisha Not a Beppyo shrine Suda Hachiman Shrine Hashimoto , Wakayama Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Hyōzu Shrine [ja ] Nishiwaki , Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Konda Hachimangu [ja ] Habikino Not a Beppyo shrine Fujishiro-ōji [fr ] Kainan City , Wakayama Prefecture, Japan Not a Beppyo shrine Ikoma Shrine Ikoma , Nara Not a Beppyo shrine Yamato Okunitama Shrine [ja ; simple ] Minamiawaji , Hyōgo Prefecture Not a Beppyo shrine , Yamato Okunitama , Awaji Province Ninomiya Koxinga Shrine Tainan , Taiwan Was proposed to be the highest shrine in Taiwan[ 47] : 108
Clan or Domain shrines [ edit ] "Clan shrines" or "Domain shrines" were known as Han-sha (藩社 .[ 4] abolition of the han system , no shrines were ever placed in this category.[ 45]
"District shrines" were known as Gō-sha (郷社 .[ 4]
Name location Category notes Hokutan Shrine [ja ] Shōnai, Yamagata － Osugi Shrine [ja ] Inashiki Igusa Hachimangu [ja ] Suginami － Inage Shrine [ja ] Kawasaki, Kanagawa Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Fuji Yamashitamiya Komuro Asama Shrine [ja ] Fujiyoshida Fuji Rokusho Sengen Shrine [ja ] Fuji, Shizuoka Shikinai Shosha Imamiya Ebisu Shrine Naniwa-ku, Osaka Taikodani Inari Shrine [ja ] Kanoashi District, Shimane Tsuwano, Shimane Tsunomine Shrine [ja ] Anan, Tokushima Washio Atago Shrine [ja ] Nishi-ku, Fukuoka Tagata Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Yatsurugi Shrine [simple ] Not a Beppyo shrine Ono Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Musashi Province Ichinomiya
Ebetsu shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Hokumon Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Kushihiki Hachimangū Not a Beppyo shrine Ōsasahara Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Shirahigetawara Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Torigoe Hachiman Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine Tosa Kokubun-ji Not a Beppyo shrine Katano Shrine [ja ] Not a Beppyo shrine Namba Yasaka Shrine [fr ; ja ] Not a Beppyo shrine Yagi Shrine [ja ] Kishiwada, Osaka Not a Beppyo shrine
"Village shrines" were known as Son-sha (村社 and ranked below their respective "District shrines", in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[ 4]
Name location Category notes Ōsaki Hachimangū Sendai Aoba-ku, Sendai Kasama Inari Shrine Kasama, Ibaraki Yohashira Shrine [ja ] Matsumoto, Nagano － Kinomiya Shrine [ja ] Atami Futami Okitama Shrine Ise, Mie Aga Shrine [ja ] Higashiōmi Hijiyama Shrine [ja ] Hiroshima Minami-ku, Hiroshima Wakamatsu Ebisu Shrine [ja ] Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū Aoshima Shrine Miyazaki (city) Takachiho Shrine Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki Takachiho, Miyazaki Kokushi genzaisha (国史) Amanoiwato Shrine Takachiho Town, Nishiusuki District Amanotanagao Shrine [ja ; simple ] Iki , Nagasaki Myojin Taisha (名神) Iki Province Ichinomiya , not a Beppyo shrine Araki Shrine Okinoshima, Shimane Sōja shrine , not a Beppyo shrine Hinumanai Shrine [ja ] Kyōtango , Kyoto Prefecture not a Beppyo shrine Ichinomiya Sengen Shrine Ichikawamisato , Nishiyatsushiro District in Yamanashi Prefecture Myojin Taisha (名神) Kai Province Ichinomiya , not a Beppyo shrine Kamochi Shrine Hino , Tottori Prefecture not a Beppyo shrine Nagakusa Tenjin Shrine Aichi Prefecture , Obu City not a Beppyo shrine Togakushi Shrine not a Beppyo shrine Yurahime Shrine [ja ; simple ] Oki-gun , Shimane Myojin Taisha (名神) Oki Province Ichinomiya , not a Beppyo shrine Kō Shrine [ja ] Iki Province Sōja shrine
Hokora or Ungraded shrines [ edit ] Small local shrines known as Hokora (祠 are ranked beneath the village shrines, in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[ 4] Mukaku-sha (無格社 .[ 4]
New shrines were established and existing shrines promoted to higher ranks at various dates, but a 1903 snapshot of the 193,297 shrines in existence at that time saw the following:[ 4]
Kan-sha Imperial shrines: 95 National shrines: 75 "Min-sha" Metropolitan and prefectural shrines: 571 District shrines: 3,476 Village shrines: 52,133 Ungraded shrines: 136,947 ^ Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine [ja ] and Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine [ja ] were completed after World War II, when the war ended and the Ministry of Home Affairs was abolished, so they were not designated by the Minister of Home Affairs and are actually correctly designated as "equivalent to designated Gokoku-jinja Shrine". ^ a b c Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha. ^ Holtom, D.C. (2012-11-12) [First published 1965]. The National Faith Of Japan. A Study in Modern Shinto ISBN 9781136165573 ^ Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto ISBN 9780700710515 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fridell, Wilbur M (1975). "The Establishment of Shrine Shinto in Meiji Japan" . Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2 (2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture : 137–168. doi :10.18874/jjrs.2.2-3.1975.137-168 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ponsonby-Fane, Richard . (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.^ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine [permanent dead link ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 1; retrieved 2013-1-28.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125. ^ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja ^ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2013-1-28.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 2; retrieved 2013-1-28.^ a b Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15. ^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276. ^ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō ^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," [permanent dead link Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 125. ^ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province ^ Ponsonby-Fane, (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328. ^ 北海道神宮 ... Hokkaido Jingu Shrine at Nippon-Kichi.jp ; retrieved 2012-1-29.^ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province ^ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu ^ Michio, Nakajima; 𠀓𤚇𡌕𰀇 (2010). "Shinto Deities that Crossed the Sea: Japan's "Overseas Shrines," 1868 to 1945" . Japanese Journal of Religious Studies . 37 (1): 21–46. ISSN 0304-1042 . ^ Peattie , Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229^ Peattie, p. 339 n61. ^ Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province ^ "Japanese Shrines" . www.taleofgenji.org . Retrieved 2023-04-10 .^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127. ^ Iinoya-gū:Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province . ^ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province ; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni ) = Kishū (紀州) ^ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province ^ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province ^ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province ; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni ) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture . ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 ^ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province ^ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province . ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province ^ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province ^ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province ^ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom ^ Kerr, George H. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, p. 203.^ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province ^ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province ^ a b "Modern Shrine Ranking System" . Encyclopedia of Shinto . Kokugakuin University . Retrieved 29 September 2019 .^ a b TAKAYAMA, K. PETER (1990). "Enshrinement and Persistency of Japanese Religion" . Journal of Church and State . 32 (3): 527–547. ISSN 0021-969X . ^ Shimizu, Karli; Rambelli, Fabio (2022-10-06). Overseas Shinto Shrines: Religion, Secularity and the Japanese Empire ISBN 978-1-350-23498-7
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