Wye College
![]() | |
Other name | Wye College |
---|---|
Former name |
|
Motto | Luce et labore[1] |
Motto in English | By enlightenment and work[2] |
Active | 1447–2009 |
Founder | Cardinal John Kempe |
Location | Wye, Kent, England 51°11′02″N 0°56′20″E / 51.18400°N 0.93893°E |
The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye, commonly known as Wye College, was an education and research institution in the village of Wye, Kent. In 1447, Cardinal John Kempe founded his chantry there which also educated local children.[3]: 18 As of 2020[update], it still includes a rare, complete example of medieval chantry college buildings.[4]: 5
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wye-college.jpg/220px-Wye-college.jpg)
After abolition in 1545, parts of the premises were variously occupied as mansion, grammar school, charity school, infant school and national school, before purchase by Kent and Surrey County Councils to provide men's technical education.[3]: 30, 36, 48, 49, 60 For over a hundred years Wye became the school, then college, of London University most concerned with rural subjects, including agricultural sciences; business management; agriculture; horticulture, and agricultural economics.[5] Chemist and Actonian Prize winner, Louis Wain[6]: 441 developed synthetic auxin selective herbicides 2,4-DB, MCPB and Bromoxynil at Wye in the 1950s[6]: 448–450 alongside his other research into insecticides, plant growth regulators and fungicides.[6]: 451–453 Wain's colleague Gerald Wibberley championed alternative priorities for the college with an early emphasis on land use and the environment.[6]: 454
Following World War II and a 1947 merger with Swanley Horticultural College for women,[6]: 444 Wye transformed itself from small agricultural college, providing local practical instruction, to university[7]: 488 for a rapidly increasing number[8] of national and international students.[9]: 79 Successive phases of expansion developed the college's campus along Olantigh Road,[4]: 6 Withersdane Hall the country's first post-war, purpose built university hall of residence,[7]: 488 and accumulated an estate of nearly 1,000 acres (400 ha).[10] However, after a difficult 2000 merger with Imperial College and controversial 2005 attempt to build 4,000 houses on its farmland, Imperial College at Wye closed in 2009.[11]: 30, 45, 46, 50
As of 2010[update], the pioneering postgraduate distance learning programme created at Wye College continued within SOAS.[11]: 49 Many of the college buildings have been redeveloped, though some are retained for community use or occasional public access.[12]
History
[edit]Chantry
[edit]Church leaders from the 14th century onwards were concerned by the influence of John Wyclif and his fellow Lollards on the Weald and Romney Marsh. They felt priests educated in latin and theology, living in the community, would be better able to counter circulation of heretical translations and interpretation. Where these priests' persuasion failed, the alerted church authorities could punish committed dissenters, or even have them burnt[13] as at Wye in 1557.[9]: 24 Several chantries were established in the vicinity, at least in part for this purpose.[13]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg/220px-Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg)
In 1432, John Kempe, then Archbishop of York and a native of adjoining Olantigh, was granted royal license by King Henry VI to found the College of Saints Gregory and Martin in the parish of Wye.[14] In 1447 after protracted negotiation, he obtained about an acre of land, including dwellings known as Shalewell, Goldsmyth and Shank, from the Abbot and Convent of Battle who owned the Manor of Wye. Kempe constructed the Latin School, and buildings around a cloistered quadrangle for the accommodation of secular priests.[3]: 17–19 There were up to ten priests at any one time in his chantry.[14] Kempe had also rebuilt adjoining Wye Church in 1447 and Archbishop of Canterbury, John Stafford granted its vicarship to the college. The priests acted as a college of canons for the now collegiate church; performed their chantry duties for the Kempes' souls,[9]: 16–18 and included a teacher of grammar (latin). The master had to be a scholar of theology and member of Kempe's alma mater, Merton College.[14]
Kempe's statutes required the college to teach all scholars free, both rich and poor, though as a welcome seasonal exception grateful students could reward the schoolmaster with gifts of fowl and pennies on Saint Nicholas Day, confuetam galloram & denariorum Sancti Nicholai gratuitam oblationem.[15]
The dedication to Saint Gregory and Saint Martin mirrors that of Kempe's adjoining church. An earlier 1290 Wye Church, on the site, had been solely named for Saint Gregory. The further reference, at both the college and church, to Saint Martin may have been to recognise the contribution of Battle Abbey, itself dedicated to him.[9]: 17
By 1450, Wye College had appropriated the pilgrim's church at Boughton Aluph, and acquired land in Canterbury, Wye, Boughton Aluph, Crundale, Godmersham, Bethersden and Postling. King Edward IV granted it the west Kent coast churches of Newington, Brenzett and Broomhill in 1465.[14]
The rules were not universally upheld. In 1511, Master Goodhewe was reported to Archbishop Warham for appointing himself, rather than other fellows, to the College's remunerated positions, and taking the entire benefit of its endowment to the neglect of divine service and the cure of souls. He failed to annually proclaim Kempe's statutes and maintained a relationship with a woman, in breach of them. Goodhewe also found time to be Rector of Staplehurst without papal dispensation to hold two incompatible benefices. But he was not removed from office for his misconduct.[9]: 20 [14]
By 1534 the college had annual gross income of £125 15s 41⁄2d,[14] or over £94,000 at 2022 values.[16]
Richard Ewan | Appointed 1448 |
Thomas Gauge | In post 1450, resigned 1462 |
Nicholas Wright | Appointed 1462, in post 1470 |
John Goodhewe | Appointed 1500, ceased 1519[9]: 20 |
Richard Waltare / Walker | In post 1525, 1534, 1535 |
Edward Bowden | Surrendered the college 1545 |
Other partially surviving chantry colleges near Wye include the larger Maidstone,[17] and smaller Cobham Colleges.[18] Traces remain at Ashford.[13]
After abolition
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/220px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg)
The college was surrendered in 1545 under the Abolition of Chantries Act of that year, its assets appropriated for the Court of Augmentations. An inventory was valued at £7 1s 1d plus a silver salt at £3; silver spoons at 27s 6d, and two old masters at 6s 8d.[14]
Apart from its principal buildings the college owned nearby Perry Court, and Surrenden manors, together with the rectory and advowson of Broomhill on Romney Marsh. It was entitled to annual payments of 33s 4d from Westwell rectory, 10s from Hothfield rectory and 8s from Eastwell rectory. The college owned other land in Wye, Withersdane, Naccolt, Hinxhill, Godmersham, Crundale, Great Chart, Bethersden, Postling, Westbury and Broomhill.[19][20]
These properties were alienated first to Catherine Parr's Secretary, Walter Buckler for £200, who promptly sold them in 1546 to his brother in law, and property speculator, Maurice Denys. Following Denys' disgrace the college was acquired by William Damsell in 1553, thence passing on death in 1582 to his four daughters.[3]: 28, 29 [14]
As the seized lands passed from the Crown, and onwards, they did so subject to conditions, echoing Kempe's statutes, requiring the owners to "at all times provide and maintain a sufficient Schoolmaster capable of teaching boys and young lads in the art of Grammar, without fee or reward, in this parish". Those terms were met haphazardly in the coming years.[3]: 28, 29 In 1557, Archdeacon Harpsfield urged William Damsell be reminded of his obligations. Damsell had only been paying £9 of the £17 due each year, even though his former college lands in Wye alone gave him annual rents of £80.[21] Harpsfield's treatment of Damsell was lenient by comparison to the two Protestants he ordered burnt to death at Wye that same year.[9]: 24 By 1596 it was noted, during a Commission of Inquiry at Deptford, that payments to a Wye schoolmaster required under the college's original transfer to Buckler were no longer being made.[3]: 29
The college buildings were occupied as a substantial private residence in 1610 for the Twysden family, incorporating the extant, fine Jacobean staircase and imposing fireplaces to the Hall and Parlour. The family may have previously occupied it as tenants of lawyer Henry Haule.[3]: 30
In about 1626, King Charles I granted the forfeit former Wye College rectories of Boughton Aluph, Brenzett and Newington to reward his loyal supporter Robert Maxwell. The proviso was added Maxwell and his successors paid £16 per year, which reinstated the lapsed stipend for a Wye schoolmaster.[22] Years later the sum would be diminished by inflation and several holders of the position faced short tenure and great financial hardship.[3]: 46 [22]
With salary back in place, the following year a grammar school for boys opened in part of the college[3]: 29 though the southern range continued to be used as a private house in ownership of the Winchilsea Finch family from Eastwell. Restoration poet Ann Finch and her husband Heneage lived quietly at Wye College from 1690 to 1708 to avoid persecution at Court for their Jacobite sympathies. Several of her works refer directly or indirectly to the college and their time there, including reaction to a chimney fire in 1702.[23][4]: 26
Wye College's grammar school did not achieve the prominence of rival Eton College though its alumni included notables such as journalist Alaric Alexander Watts[4]: 34 and Robert Plot, first keeper of Oxford's Ashmolean Museum.[24] In 1762 there were 40 boarders and 100-day pupils but during other periods considerably less, if any at all.[3]: 42, 46 Sometimes the position was treated as little more than a sinecure.[3]: 49
In 1868 the grammar school's position was bleak. Although teaching of classics was free, locals were concerned about increasing costs for tuition in other subjects. The school had only four boarders despite a capacity for 40. An alternative curriculum was considered and unless changes were made, an inspector concluded it would be hard to "keep a good master for £16 and half a house".[22]
William Clifton[25][9]: 24 [21][a] | In office 1557, 1569, 1581 |
Isaac Nicholls[9]: 28 [b] | In office 1602 |
Surety-on-High Nicholls[26][c] | In office 1642 |
Henry Bradshaw[27][d] | 1640s |
William Fenby[29] | In office 1661 |
Jeremy Dodson[9]: 34 | In office 1664 |
John Paris[30][e] | 1665–1677 |
Robert Wrentmore[29][f] | In office 1684 |
Samuel Pratt[32] | In office 1684 |
John Warham[29] | In office 1714 |
Thomas Turner[29] | In office 1717 |
Johnson Towers[3]: 42 | 1754–1762 |
Philip Parsons[3]: 42 [33] | 1762–1812 |
W T Ellis[34][3]: 46 | 1812–1815 |
Charles Knowles[3]: 46 | 1815–1816 |
William Morris[3]: 46 | 1817–1832 |
Robert Billing[9]: 52, 53 [3]: 47 [g] | 1834–1854 |
William Bell[3]: 55 | 1854–1855 |
Samuel Cummings[3]: 55 | 1855–1855 |
Edward Ollivant[3]: 55 | 1855–1866 |
George Frederick Noade[3]: 56 | 1866–1867 |
John Major[3]: 57 | 1867–1870 |
Henry Holmes[3]: 58 | 1870–1878 |
- ^ Probably the William Clifton who was master of Faversham School in 1534 and son of Richard Clifton, fellow and school master of the college before surrender[9]: 24
- ^ Son of Puritan Josias Nicholls[9]: 28
- ^ Descendant of Josias Nicholls.[9]: 28 Headmaster of Sutton Valence School 1659–1660[26]
- ^ May have been father of poet Richard Bradshaw based upon a common association with Henry Oxenden[28]
- ^ Master of King's School in 1661[29]
- ^ Previously headmaster of Sandwich Free Grammar School[31]
- ^ Father of Bishop Robert Billing[9]: 52, 53
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg/220px-1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg)
Lady Joanna Thornhill School
[edit]Cardinal Kempe's nephew Thomas Kempe sold Olantigh to Sir Timothy Thornhill in 1607.[35] The 1708 will of Lady Joanna Thornhill,[36] the daughter of Sir Bevil Grenville, second wife of descendant Richard Thornhill, and Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Catherine of Braganza provided funds to care for and educate the children of Wye.[37] Her trust purchased parts of the college buildings and other property for that purpose.[3]: 32
Sir George Wheler, who some sources claim was Lady Joanna Thornhill's nephew, acquired the private mansion – the southern range, garden, outbuildings and Latin School in 1713.[3]: 32 He had been a pupil at Wye Grammar School but "learnt little" there.[38]: 22
That transaction left the college part owned by Lady Thornhill's trust and, on Wheler's death in 1724, part by his. A grammar school still operated in the Latin School and buildings around the cloister.[3]: 32
The grammar school headmaster received free personal accommodation from Wheler's trust, use of the Latin School for classes and the £16, but had to pay rent to Thornhill's trust for other school space. The Thornhill trust operated its own charity schools for boys and girls in the Old Hall and Parlour respectively. Their schoolmaster received £30 per annum salary and the school mistress £20, from rent on property purchased in Wye and on Romney Marsh.[36]
By the late 18th century there were over 100 children attending Lady Thornhills school.[36] In 1839, rather than join the non-denominational British and Foreign School Society it affiliated with the Church of England's National Society for Promoting Religious Education, becoming a national school.[3]: 48, 49
Wheler's will provided an annual £10 exhibition, increased to £20 by his son,[36] for local boys from Lady Thornhill's charity school to receive instruction at Wye Grammar School and then attend Lincoln College. The scholarship was funded by the rent charge on a house in Whitehall which Wheler owned. Unfortunately by 1790, that charge had become impossible to collect. Its absence was still greatly lamented, nearly a century later, both by Wye Grammar School[22] and Lincoln College.[39]
Trustees of Lady Thornhill's charity school, requiring more space for girls, converted an outbuilding at the south east of the grammar school garden for the purpose. The space, with extant exposed crown post roof, belonging to Sir George Wheler's trust became known as the college Wheelroom.[3]: 52
Nevertheless, the situation was poor. An inspector passed the facilities "but with the greatest reluctance". He observed the Old Hall used as boys' schoolroom "though a fine old room, is ill-adapted for a school and requires constant repair", and bemoaned that "as long as they are allowed to use this old room, the inhabitants of Wye will not lift a finger towards the erection of new schools". His conclusion was that Wye "has about the worst schools in the neighbourhood".[3]: 55
In 1878 the Wheler / Thornhill trusts and operation of the grammar and charity school premises they owned were combined,[3]: 60 and two years later to comply with the Elementary Education Act 1870 the girls' Wheelroom was leased to Wye and Brook School Board for use as an infant school.[3]: 55, 60
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg)
Edward Vincer[3]: 48 | In office 1797 |
William Adams[3]: 48 | In office c. 1820, c. 1842 |
Henry Holmes[3]: 54 | 1855–1859 |
John Herbert[3]: 54 | Appointed 1859, in office 1862 |
South Eastern Agricultural College
[edit]Duty imposed upon beer and spirits under the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 60),[40] commonly known as Whiskey Money, was intended to compensate licensees in the country required to close. It created an income which Sir Arthur Dyke Acland instead proposed to Parliament be earmarked for the new county councils to spend on technical instruction. His amendment, it is reported, was adopted by a lethargic and half empty house.[41]: 173
There were some institutions offering short courses in Agriculture but very few opportunities for degree courses. The Normal School of Science, shortly to merge and form Imperial College, had only graduated seven agricultural students per year between 1878 and 1887. There had been proposals for a single, central agricultural university, potentially near Derby, but no appetite for a network of them or state funding.[41]: 174 However nationally, now county councils chose to spend £80,000 per year of the Whiskey Money specifically for agricultural education.[42]: 107
The combined Lady Thornhill Trust owned its school premises; nearby Amage Farm, and agricultural land on Romney Marsh. An 1891 proposal from the Earl of Winchilsea envisaged this should be the basis of a 40 male student agricultural college for Kent, Surrey and Sussex,[3]: 60, 61 funded by Whiskey Money.[41]: 173 East and West Sussex County Councils dropped out of the scheme, and the farms were not immediately available, but negotiations took place[41]: 177 for newly formed[7]: 486 Kent County Council and Surrey County Council to purchase the school premises and a lease was arranged[3]: 61 for 250 acres (100 ha) of land[7]: 487 at Coldharbour Farm[3]: 60, 61 from Erle-Drax's Olantigh Estate.[36] Coldharbour was considered difficult, inhospitable, and a suitable challenge for the college to prove its ability to local farmers.[41]: 177
In 1892, Kent and Surrey county councils obtained the old chantry premises for £1,000, the schools moving to a new building on land Lady Thornhill's trust owned in Bridge Street,[3]: 61 and in 1894 opened the South Eastern Agricultural College there. They appointed chemist, socialist and former schoolmaster Alfred Daniel Hall as principal[43]: 87 and he opened with thirteen students. It was then the first and only college founded and maintained by public money solely for the benefit of agriculture in England. Hall's student roll grew to 46 in 1900; 71 in 1902, and 124 in 1913.[41]: 174, 182
Unconventionally for a college of agriculture, Hall chose to appoint teaching staff that were scientists rather than agriculturalists with some scientific insight, and at opening, none had agricultural experience. He later accepted that with his initial over-emphasis on basic science the establishment was fortunate to be accepted so quickly by the farming community. Rather than entrust the new college's farm to Hall's team the governors chose to run it themselves with the help of a bailiff. It was not until Frank Baybrook Smith briefly joined the college to teach agriculture that the governors felt sufficiently confident in the academic team to relinquish direct control of the college farm.[41]: 177–179, 181
Between 1892 and 1894, the existing buildings were extensively refurbished at a cost of £18,000; a lecture theatre (Old Lecture Theatre) was abutted to the Parlour repurposed as a library, and biological laboratory (Lecture Room A) constructed north west of the cloister range. Original accommodation to the south of the cloister housed the principal. A chemistry laboratory was arranged in the Wheelroom, and housekeeping wing formed between it and the cloister range to service a refectory in the Old Hall. First floor space north of the cloister, and above the new biological laboratory and housekeeping wing, provided 20 student rooms. Others were to be accommodated in village houses.[3]: 61–81
Entomologist of independent means, Frederick Theobald joined the opening college as lecturer in agricultural zoology, and later became vice-principal. He remained at Wye throughout his career.[41]: 179 Theobald's work transitioned a discipline that had been a matter of simply collecting insects to the study of damage they did to crops and how to mitigate it. He spent much of his time curating economic zoology and mosquito collections at the British Museum, and ceased lecturing at Wye from 1920 in favour of agricultural extension. Theobald's research on mosquitos and tropical sanitation earned him international recognition including the Order of Osmanieh and Mary Kingsley Medal. He lived at Wye Court until death in 1930, his coffin carried from there by former colleagues and students to Wye Church for burial.[44]
In its early years only about a fifth of the South Eastern Agricultural College student intake was for three-year qualifications. Others undertook short, more applied instruction for two-year diplomas, or leading to a single year certificate.[6]: 443 Short courses were provided, for instance to local school teachers tasked with instructing their pupils in nature topics.[45]: 234, 345
As well as teaching and research, academics and other staff at the South Eastern Agricultural College, throughout its existence, provided agricultural extension services to farmers and growers in the south-east of England.[46] Hall gave book-keeping and other advice to the Guinness hop farms;[47]: 138 Ernest Stanley Salmon helped hop and other growers combat fungi,[48] while Theobald advised those confronting crop pests.[44] Their colleagues dealt with all manner of technical requirements, even designing an innovative aerating sewage treatment plant for nearby Olantigh.[49]
Complementing individual consultations and publications,[50] college staff toured the south-east of England giving lectures to agricultural or rural organisations on "fruit growing, farriery, poultry, bee keeping, and numerous veterinary topics",[7]: 488 sometimes in migratory vans specially prepared for these roadshows. In Wye they regularly gave talks to the village school, and the laboratories offered a service analysing soil, forage and milk,[41]: 183 and performing veterinary post-mortems.[3]: 97
At the end of its first year of operation Wye's College had cost Kent and Surrey county councils £25,000 split 3:2 in their agreed proportions. The two counties combined technical education budget at the time was only £37,000 per year. In addition to their normal annual contributions the counties had to make exceptional 1895 payments to cover their college's deficit and stringent cost cutting was enforced in place of the earlier largess. Grants from the Board of Agriculture and those changes put the college back onto a sound financial footing ready for further premises expansion.[41]: 183, 184
Going forward, and particularly following 1910's Liberal government policy for expansion of agriculture and establishment of the Development Fund, this financial burden on the councils diminished,[41]: 186 falling to only £3,000 by 1925.[51]: 20 Indeed, itinerant agriculture lecturer Hall[43]: 73 left Rothamsted in 1912 to become one of eight commissioners to the Development Fund. The college would be able to seek annual grants from successive central government agriculture or education departments by presenting itself alternately as an agricultural institution or university respectively.[41]: 185, 186
1895 | Cottages on Wye High Street, between the college and Olantigh Road, purchased. Initially for student accommodation but later demolished to make way for a main entrance.[3]: 82 |
The South Eastern Agricultural College at Wye immediately took advantage of the University of London Act 1898 and became one of its federated schools[7]: 487 with such privileges as it would have had if situated within the administrative county of London. Even in formal documents it was also referred to as Wye College at the time.[52] From 1894, students seeking a three-year qualification completed the college's two-year diploma and were then prepared a further year for examination by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, the Surveyors' Institution or by Cambridge University. The arrangement was reversed for the new London University Bachelor of Science degree. Students could take first year basic science courses anywhere in the university's Faculty of Science and the latter years provided specialist teaching such as agricultural chemistry, agricultural botany and agricultural engineering.[41]: 181, 182
1901 | Architect Thomas Collcutt, noted for the Savoy Hotel and Palace Theatre, had prepared designs that would complete the college facing onto Wye High Street. Unlike his dramatic earlier work these buildings drew from Arts and Crafts themes incorporating traditional materials.[4]: 26, 27 |
West quadrangle built out to the college boundary, including a lecture hall (Lecture Room B); botany and zoology rooms; museum; drawing office and common room. A new chemistry wing (Lecture Room C) constructed to the north east and 30 student rooms provided on the first floor.[3]: 84–87 |
Alfred Daniel Hall removed to Rothamsted in 1902 to continue his marriage of agriculture and science.[53]: 14 At Wye he was replaced as principal by his Oxford contemporary Malcolm Dunstan, formerly director of the Midland Agricultural and Dairy Institute.[41]: 181
Hall's departure was promptly followed by opening botany lecturer and vice-principal John Percival who moved to the University of Reading and became founding father of the faculty of agriculture there. Seeds Percival took with him formed the nucleus of a native European wheat variety collection eventually numbering over 2,500 varieties in the 1930s.[53]: 14, 15, 21
John Russell had joined the college in 1901 and took over chemistry teaching from Henry Cousins.[41]: 179 Russell began research into soil microbiology determining that oxygen uptake could be used to measure micro-organism activity in a soil sample. However, he too departed in 1907 taking up an invitation to rejoin Hall at Rothamstead.[54]: 461, 470 In 1968, Wye College's Russell Laboratories were named for him.[3]: 122
In 1903, the college appointed C S Orwin its lecturer in farm management and book-keeping. At opening he had been the first potential student interviewed by Hall[41]: 180, 187 and went on to be treasurer of the college's students' union in its first year. Orwin remained on staff for three years and was later appointed by Hall to lead the Department of Agricultural Economics created at Oxford.[46] Academics at Wye sought early ways to establish the actual cost of agricultural products on farm, albeit with varied success, and double entry book-keeping was then a part of the curriculum.[41]: 187
1904 | Workshops for practical instruction (latterly parts of the maintenance and housekeeping department) constructed along Olantigh Road to the north east of existing buildings.[3]: 90 |
1906 | Construction of north and south quadrangles with gymnasium on the later dining hall site. The enclosure comprised research laboratories; offices (Agriculture Department), and student rooms on the first floor.[3]: 92–95 |
1912 | North, and part of the east, to what would become the front quadrangle, constructed incorporating research laboratory and student space.[3]: 96–99 |
In 1913, East Malling and Wye Fruit Experimental Station established on 22 acres (8.9 ha) bought by Kent County Council at East Malling. It was under the college's control and initially advised by botanist V H Blackman of Imperial College. Ronald Hatton was appointed director of the station in 1914 and remained in post for the rest of his career. Hatton prioritised basic research; was concerned about the conditions of horticultural workers like fellow socialist Hall, and merely tolerated requests for practical advice from growers. The station became independent of the college in 1921.[43]: 123–128
1914 | Gateway and porters' lodge constructed completing the college's front quadrangle.[3]: 99, 100 |
The 1894 premises included chemical and biological laboratories. By 1901 expansion meant rooms could be dedicated to a drawing office as well as botany, zoology and analytical laboratories. With completion of works in 1914, space would be made available to support study of agriculture, horticulture, entomology, mycology, dairying, engineering, economics and physics. There was an iron workshop / forge and accommodation for operational research.[3]: 69, 86, 109, 110
During World War I, student numbers shrank as students enlisted. A 28 bed reception hospital operated from 1915 to 1916 and subsequently a Red Cross supply depot[3]: 101 was organised by Mrs Barnard of Withersdane Hall[55] and principal Dunstan's daughter Hester.[4]: 34 The War Office presented the college with a German field gun in gratitude.[3]: 101
Malcolm Dunstan left Wye in 1922 to lead the Royal Agricultural College.[41]: 181 He was replaced by Robert Wilson, formerly principal of the East Anglian Institute of Agriculture.[56]
1924 | Southern Table Poultry Research Station opened[43]: 104 by the National Poultry Institute, with funding from Government and British Poultry Council.[42]: 165 Initial research was on suitable nutrition for the birds.[43]: 104 |
1925 | Pig research unit established.[57] Until this time pig production, along with the rearing of poultry or rabbits, bee-keeping and even production of pigeons for meat, was considered part of horticulture.[43]: 166 |
Row of Houses (Squires) to north of the college on Olantigh Road purchased. They had been built in 1905.[3]: 104 | |
Taper of land north of the college to the Occupation Road crossroads purchased[3]: 104, 105 from Erle-Drax family as a part of their disposal of Wye Court and other Olantigh Estate property.[58] Initially the space was used as garden, but would be developed as laboratories and the New Lecture Theatre.[3]: 104, 105 |
Lord Northbourne joined the college's board of governors in 1925. He was also on the board of future merger partner Swanley Horticultural College and remained a governor of Wye College until 1965.[59]
1927 | Amage, Coldharbour and Silks Farm purchased,[57] again likely from the Erle-Drax family.[36] |
1935 | Guinness Laboratories constructed, north of the main college buildings,[3]: 111 for the Hop Research Department.[57] Works were funded by the eponymous brewing company and opened by the Earl of Iveagh in 1936.[3]: 111 The vaguely Arts and Crafts design was considered old fashioned at the time, particularly for a scientific research building isolated from the original college's medieval fabric.[4]: 28 |
Ahead of war in 1939, Betteshanger Summer School visited the college farm. Lord Northbourne, originator of the term organic farming, hosted a biodynamic agriculture study week and was governor of the college.[60]: 17
During World War II the college initially remained open, alongside providing training to the Women's Land Army, but closed in autumn 1940,[56] its accommodation requisitioned for 180 Land Army recruits. Remaining students and faculty transferred to the University of Reading[4]: 35 but principal Robert Wilson died in September 1940.[56] Military Southern Command used some of the buildings.[6]: 443 General Montgomery, Corps Commander for the South East, was a frequent visitor, briefing troops in the Old Lecture Theatre and Latin School.[61][4]: 35 The college dining hall (Wheelroom) provided a space for servicemen's Catholic Mass, the first time it had been celebrated in the village of Wye since the Reformation.[9]: 69
With the end of hostilities Withersdane Hall was purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard to house students of Swanley Horticultural College. Initially they lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on its grounds.[62]: 95, 96 Botanist Norah Lillian Penston joined the South Eastern Agricultural College, ahead of its merger with Swanley College, as first female vice-principal. She went on to lead Wye's Department of Biological Science until 1951.[63]
Former World War II RAF Wing Commander[6]: 444 Dunstan Skilbeck was appointed principal at the end of the war. A "forceful character", he remained in post for 23 years modelling Wye on an Oxford college, establishing and reinforcing traditions such as formal dining and the wearing of academic gowns. He took particular interest in forming the college's archeological society[64]: 131 and beagle pack.[65]: 74
Skilbeck was joined by Louis Wain, returning to Wye as head of the two person chemistry department. He had previously been a temporary lecturer between 1937 and 1939. Wain went on to be head of Wye's ARC Plant Growth Substances and Systemic Fungicides Unit, and contributed to agricultural chemistry research at the college for fifty years.[6]: 443, 445, 447 While at Wye he developed and patented early synthetic auxin selective herbicides 2,4-DB, MCPB, Bromoxynil and Ioxynil.[6]: 448–450 Wain was widely regarded as "Wye's unofficial chief scientist" and "ambassador" responsible for much of the college's reputation.[6]: 453 His work there also created herbicide Mecoprop, fungicides Captan and Wyerone, as well as innovative plant growth regulators and insecticides.[6]: 447, 449, 451–453 [66]
1947 | Construction of premises for the National Agricultural Advisory Service at the north-west corner of the estate, along Olantigh Road. The service took over agricultural extension tasks the college had performed for the south-east of England, albeit co-located and in close co-operation.[46] |
In 1947, the South Eastern Agricultural College formally amalgamated with Swanley Horticultural College as the School of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during World War II and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.[6]: 444
Alfred Daniel Hall | 1894–1902[41]: 181 |
Malcolm Dunstan | 1902–1922[41]: 181 |
Robert Wilson | 1922–1940[56] |
Dunstan Skilbeck | 1945–1948[6]: 453 |
Wye College
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg/220px-Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg)
On 13 September 1948 Wye College was incorporated, by royal charter of King George VI, a full institution of the University of London as The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye generally known as "Wye College". Its objects included:-[67]
...providing for persons of both sexes instruction and means of research in all or any of the subjects relating to the practice and science of agriculture and horticulture comprised in the Faculty of Science of the University of London and in such other subjects of or cognate to a University Education in Agriculture and Horticulture as may be decided upon from time to time by the Governing Body of Wye College.
— Imperial College Act 1999[67]
The major impact for the college was a cessation of short and diploma courses in favour of entirely degree-level education,[68]: 83 which occurred alongside transfer of its agricultural extension work to the newly formed National Agricultural Advisory Service.[46] Over the next 20 years the institution was to transform itself from a local agricultural college that "happened to have a network of international contacts" to a truly "national and international" establishment combining the "practical and academic".[7]: 487
1948 | Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 96 This was to be a nucleus for the country's first purpose built post-war university hall of residence.[7]: 488 |
In 1951, a room behind the college's Jacobean staircase north west of the cloister was converted to a chapel and consecrated by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury. Paintings to be hung on the walls were provided by principal Dunstan Skilbeck's father and pews salvaged from the collapsed Eastwell Church. It had been a toilet before earlier transformation to small laboratory.[64]: 13 There has been speculation this room was originally the chantry's library.[18]
The refurbishment featured a stained glass window designed by Michael Farrar-Bell, looking onto Wye Church, incorporating the University of London coat of arms, and depictions of King Henry VI and Cardinal Kempe.[69]: 10
The chapel was reconsecrated in 1997,[4]: 6 and under 2021's planning permission is to be "available for public worship for four services per month and an annual heritage open day".[70]: 18
1952 | National Fruit Collection established at Brogdale with Wye College as the scientific partner. In spite of Government proposals to close Brogdale ADAS in 1989 and move the collection to Wye as of 2015[update], the collection remains at Brogdale managed by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and University of Reading.[42]: 196 [71] |
1954 | Gymnasium demolished and replaced by (or converted to) a dining hall[3]: 95, 114 incorporating hammerbeam roof, and wood panelling designed by Lord Northbourne. The external brick and stone architecture is subtly different on each side to reflect the various buildings facing it.[4]: 27, 33 |
In 1954, Gerald Wibberley was appointed head of the Department of Economics. He led a move to broaden the college's interest in land use and explored alternatives to a farming first philosophy, sometimes causing conflict with the national agricultural establishment[72] and colleagues promoting Wye's agricultural chemistry tradition.[6]: 454 With associate Robin Best who for the first time accurately measured urban land area and loss of farmland, Wibberley drew particular early ire in the garden controversy, an exploration of capacity for food security from productive modern farming; the role of domestic gardens, and the potential for releasing farmland to other purposes.[73][72][74][75]
Alongside his roles at the Council for Small Industries in Rural Areas, and as expert witness to public inquiries into large scale planning applications, Wibberley continued at the college until 1985.[72] His work led to expansion of social science research and teaching at Wye with new Rural Environmental Studies and Landscape Ecology, Design and Maintenance courses, and ultimately business management options.[11][72]
1957 | Court Lodge farm and manor house at Brook purchased for £20,500, adding 194 acres (79 ha) to the college estate. The house was refurbished as residence for the principal.[76][7]: 488 |
1961 | Construction of single storey research and teaching laboratories, and New Lecture Theatre, alongside diagonal footpath at north of college.[3]: 117 |
Agricultural Research Council Unit of Plant Nutrition and Morphogenesis moved to Wye College under Francis John Richards.[77]: 434, 435 It initially operated from the Guinness Laboratories before relocating to the purpose built Russell Laboratories in 1968.[3]: 122 | |
1968 | Harry Darling replaces Dunstan Skilbeck as principal.[64]: 130.131 Darling was a committed Christian[78] and had been Professor of Agriculture at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. During his tenure the College's character changed substantially. Domestic students were joined by 200 from some 50 countries overseas.[9]: 79 |
Russell Laboratories opened facing Olantigh Road north of the Occupation Road junction. Named for Sir John Russell.[3]: 122 | |
Undergraduate Rural Environment Studies course commenced, commonly known both by its acronym RES and alternative expansion "Real Easy Studies".[79][80][81]: 24 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg/220px-1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg)
The Wye Double Digger was developed at Wye College in the 1970s, for experimental evaluation of comprehensive subsoil loosening akin to the traditional horticultural practise of double digging. It incorporates a conventional mouldboard plough with rotary cultivator operating in the open furrow, and can break up soil compaction layers below plough depth; mix topsoil with subsoil, and deeply incorporate soil nutrients. The powered blades help provide forward propulsion for the share.[82] Wye's Double Digger was tested around the world, notably at Purdue University. A business was established to market it, and commercial two furrow version built, before development ceased.[83]
1974 | Students' union building opened.[3]: 124 |
1975 | CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 97 |
In 1977, the college appointed Ian Lucas as principal to replace Harry Darling. Darling's departure was marked by a farewell above Wye village, on the Crown slope painted in weedkiller for all to see across the Stour Valley.[84][85]: 24 Lucas had extensive experience of overseas agriculture and arrived from the University College of North Wales where he had been Professor of Agriculture. During his 11 years at Wye student enrollment increased 40%.[8]
During the early 1980s, Government spending cuts led to a series of mergers between University of London colleges. In spite of Wye being among the very smallest, and persistent concerns that agriculture was not "a fit subject to study at university", it was spared a merger because of physical isolation outside the capital and the absence of course overlap / potential cost savings with sister London colleges.[7]: 487, 489
1986 | Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 98 |
New Lecture Theatre expanded and renamed Carr Lecture Theatre for Stephen and Ann Carr who assisted the scheme.[11]: 17 | |
1989 | Wolfson Lecture Theatre completed.[11]: 17 [86]: 5 |
1992 | Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former principal, followed the next year by adjoining Bernard Sunley Hall / Garden Hall. The latter scheme was assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation and included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.[62]: 98 |
1996 | Principal's house, Court Lodge, sold for £300,000 as a private dwelling.[87] |
In 1996, Natural Resources International Ltd was incorporated in partnership with Imperial College, and the universities of Edinburgh and Greenwich, to take over overseas development training and consulting services formerly provided by the Government's Overseas Development Agency Natural Resources Institute. Turnover in the first year was £25.9 million rising to £26.8 million by the time of the college's merger with Imperial College. Clients included the Department for International Development, World Bank, European Union, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, and other state and commercial bodies.[88][89]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg)
In 1997 the Kempe Centre, named for Cardinal John Kempe, was opened by Princess Anne at the junction of Olantigh and Occupation Roads.[11]: 17 [57] The learning resource building designed by Nicholas Hare Architects received a RIBA award, with praise for its aesthetic grandeur and environmental efficiency.[90] It subsequently formed the nucleus of Wye School.[91]
Of the £4 million projected cost only £750,000 came from the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The college provided £2 million from property sales (including Court Lodge); the Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust donated £100,000, and £500,000 came from an appeal including sums from the Wolfson Foundation, Westminster foundations and individual alumni. The remainder was funded by commercial loans.[68]: 83–87 [11]: 17, 18
According to Imperial College's account of the "World Class Merger" in 2000, Wye College had students enrolled from 50 countries; 477 undergraduates; 259 postgraduates, and 200 on short courses. The growing External Programme had registered 975 mid-career professionals from 120 countries.[11]: 7
Dunstan Skilbeck | 1948–1968[64]: 130.131 |
Harry Darling | 1968–1977[64]: 130.131 [85] |
Ian Lucas | 1977–1988[84] |
John Prescott | 1988–2000[85]: 25 |
Imperial College at Wye
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg)
In 2000, Wye College merged with Imperial College and was renamed Imperial College at Wye. It ceased to be an independent College of London University.[11]: 26, 27
Justifications for the merger from Wye College's side were largely an aspiration to achieve financial resilience through scale. There was anticipated decline in demand for domestic agricultural qualifications. Government intended to withdraw from funding near market agricultural research in favour of pure sciences; reduce per capita student payments generally; weight them away from the subjects taught at Wye, and move to annual rather than five yearly funding arrangements. The college governors felt these measures would disproportionately and adversely impact small agricultural teaching and research institutions like Wye.[11]: 8–20
Apart from Imperial College, mergers were considered with University of Kent at Canterbury and University of Greenwich. The governors concluded that Imperial College, like Wye a constituent College of the University of London, complemented Wye most closely. The colleges were already partners in Natural Resources International, though so too was Greenwich. Imperial College was publicly enthusiastic.[11]: 21
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg/220px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg)
In spite of reporting an operating surplus only once in its last ten independent years, instead relying heavily on endowment income and property sales, Wye College went into the merger with net assets of £18.24 million. It had doubled annual revenue in those years to £12.65 million and pivoted away from a dependency on traditional agricultural science courses. The college had just invested £5.5 million in new facilities, and a further £2 million preparing 50 postgraduate courses for the External Programme.[11]: 17, 19, 25
Imperial College briefly used Wye College's origins to dubiously claim the status of third-oldest university in England.[4]: 28
Sir Richard Sykes was appointed new rector of Imperial College in 2000. He visited Wye and expressed enthusiasm for investment in academic facilities there, placing the campus in the short lived Life Sciences faculty that arose from his early reorganisation of Imperial College.[11]: 28 [92]
Nevertheless, 25% of academic staff at Wye were offered redundancy terms and took them. Worse still, Imperial College inadvertently did not include Wye undergraduate courses in its prospectus so admissions plummeted in 2000 and 2001.[11]: 22, 28
As early as January 2001, Imperial College privately declared the 2000 merger a mistake and sought Higher Education Funding Council for England finance to transfer Wye campus to the University of Kent or a local technical college.[11]: 30 As a result of these problems newly installed provost, Tim Clark resigned to be replaced by Jeff Waage.[93] In public however, Imperial College began promoting Wye to potential students.[11]: 30–31
The Higher Education Funding Council did agree to meet legitimate costs Imperial College incurred in the 2000 merger. Imperial claimed £10.2 million. In 2002, the sum to be paid was settled at £2.5 million.[11]: 31
During a 2003 lecture to civil engineering students Sykes expressed concern about the integration of Wye College into Imperial College and stated it was not a part of his vision for Imperial College. By then student admissions to Wye were at record high levels, notably from EU residents on Agricultural Business Management courses, and research income was growing.[11]: 33, 34, 44
The campus met its first set of financial targets but was disadvantaged by Imperial College's policy to allocate property and occupancy costs at a flat rate across all its sites. Intensively used city centre premises in South Kensington were being charged the same rate per floor area as the many acres of glasshouses at Wye. In private, Imperial College rejected Wye's Department of Agricultural Science business plan for 2004 / 2005.[11]: 31–33
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg/220px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg)
In 2004 Leszek Borysiewicz, Imperial College's deputy rector informed staff that Wye's Department of Agricultural Sciences was closing and most teaching and research at Wye would end. Provost, Jeff Waage protested then resigned. The sudden announcement was blamed on the department's financial performance; distance between Wye and London, and low academic grades among applicants for agriculture courses. Critics argued these were all matters well known to Imperial College before merger.[94][11]: 33–44 [95]
Tim Clark | 2000–2001[93] |
Jeff Waage | 2001–2004[11]: 29, 42 [96] |
Imperial College scheme
[edit]In 2005, Imperial College announced it intended to convert Wye College's estate into a research centre for non-food crops and biomass fuels, and that it had support from Kent County Council and Ashford Borough Council.[97] Later accounts included commercial biofuel production facilities on Wibberley Way and BP suggested as putative partner / operator. Leaked documents revealed Imperial College expected to gain £100 million by building 4,000 houses on 250 acres (100 ha) in the Kent Downs, provoking national as well as local opposition.[98][99]
Imperial College's project team had spent at least £850,000 on external consultants preparing their Wye Park masterplan, and subsequently paid Bell Pottinger to lobby regional and national government in its favour.[11]: 47
The plan was seen as a test case for other attempts to build on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. Campaigners hailed the decision as a key victory preserving the status of protected areas, and Wye as a village.[98]
Closure
[edit]In 2007, the University of Kent ran undergraduate business management courses from Wye College though these were later transferred them to its main campus.[100][101] The following year science staff relocated from Wye to Imperial College's South Kensington or Silwood Park sites.[57] and in 2009, the last students graduated and Wye College campus closed. Thereafter Imperial College sought to develop the estate, or to find suitable tenants for it.[102]
The main village properties were sold to Telereal Trillium in 2015.[103] They sold Squires Hostel as three dwellings; Wolfson Hostel as a site for six houses; the buildings opposite the college on High Street, and the pig, sheep and poultry (Agricultural Field Station / Farm Mechanisation Unit) units sold.[104]
In 2021, Telereal Trillium obtained planning permission to convert the traditional college buildings to 38 dwellings. Conditions require public access one day a month to the cloistered quadrangle; Old lecture theatre; Old Hall; Parlour, and Jacobean staircase, and use of the Chapel for public worship. The former estates office area is reserved as for charity, Wye Heritage.[70][12]Imperial College's endowment fund retains ownership of the Wye College farmland.[1]
Estate and facilities
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg/220px-Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg)
Wye College's estate extended to about 390 hectares (960 acres), largely between the villages of Wye and Brook. The college farmed approximately 300 hectares (740 acres), and 25 hectares (62 acres) was employed for horticulture, both on a commercial basis. The remainder accommodated hop gardens, woodland, recreation space, research facilities and buildings.[10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/220px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg)
By 1984, the college owned much of Wye village across the High Street from its main entrance, over to Bridge Street and some premises on Oxenturn Road. That was variously used for administration, student hostels, car parking, a clinic, laundry and offices. Outside the village Wye College owned the NIAB facility at Coldharbour Farm; the MAFF / Defra regional offices and laboratories on Olantigh Road; Regional Veterinary Investigation Centre / Edward Partridge House off Coldharbour Lane; Withersdane Hall, Agricultural Field Centre / Farm Mechanisation Unit / Poultry Research; beagle kennels; Court Lodge; Brook Agricultural Museum; sport fields on Cherry Garden Lane, and an SSSI site at Wye Crown and quarry.[81][3]: 121 [10]
By 2005, teaching and research resources included extensive glasshouses; climate-controlled growth rooms; a containment facility for transgenic plants; dedicated laboratories for plant molecular biology; genomics and gene sequencing; electron microscopy; use of radiochemicals; soil analysis, and plant/animal cell culture.[105] Research was carried out at dairy, pig, hop and sheep enterprises on the college's farm; in the horticulture department; on the chalk grasslands, and among commercial crops.[10]
Layout
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wye_college_layout_1982.gif/220px-Wye_college_layout_1982.gif)
- Union – Students' Union
- OH – Old Hall
- OLT – Old Lecture Theatre
- NLT – New Lecture Theatre
- Squires – Squires
- OFH – Old Flying Horse
- K – Site of Kempe Centre
- H – Hop Research
- P – Porters' Lodge / Entrance
- Pa – Parlour
- CQ – Cloister
- Ch – Chapel
- W – Wheelroom
- DH – Dining Hall
- A – Lecture Room A
- B – Lecture Room B
- C – Lecture Room C
- G – Guinness Laboratory
- ARC – ARC
- L – Latin School
Student accommodation
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg/220px-1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg)
Student bedrooms were provided at Withersdane Hall, or on the first floor of the main campus above teaching and administration space. Alternatively, the college owned student hostels in Wye village. Some of the hostels were self catering. Other student accommodation was available in college and privately owned houses.[81]: 27–29 [106]
Old Flying Horse
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg/220px-0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg)
The hostel directly facing the main college entrance across High Street had been an inn, and before that medieval hall-house. Fourteenth century painted decoration and a dais canopy to protect guests from falling soot and sparks survived into the 20th century.[107]: 224
Student hostel, sometime house and Inn. Late C14 altered C16, clad C18. Timber framed and clad with painted brick and painted tile hanging on 1st floor. Plain tiled roof. Two storeys, basement and garret, with plinth, continuous moulded bressumer, the ground floor recessed to right 3 bays with jetty on brackets. Moulded wooden eaves cornice to hipped roof, with stacks to centre left and to right, and hipped dormer to left return. Five glazing bar sashes on 1st floor, and 2 to left on ground floor, with 3 wooden casements to right. Central door of 4 panels and 3 steps, and panelled door to right with 2 steps. Basement openings to centre. Left return (to High Street) with roof stepped down to rear range with stack at end left. Wooden casement and glazing bar sash on 1st floor, 3 wooden casements on ground floor. Panelled corner door with pilastered surround and flat hood. Single storey weather boarded block at extreme left (eastern end), with half-hipped plain tiled roof and half-doors in gable end. Catslide outshot and 2 hipped wings to rear. Interior: extremely rare survival of coved dais canopy, with evidence of colouring, unaltered when open hall floored C16. Crown post roof.
— Historic England Grade II* listed[108]
Cloister
[edit]College. Founded 1432, occupied by 1448. Founded by Cardinal Archbishop John Kempe. Altered 1739. Timber framed on flint base and clad with red brick, and structural flint and red brick. Plain tiled roofs. The original college consisted of this cloister (domestic ranges and great hall) and detached school house and service building, such as the surviving brewhouse. South (Old Entrance) front flint ground floor with string course to red brick upper storey with hipped roof, with stacks to centre left and centre right. Five glazing bar sashes on 1st floor, C15 Perpendicular cusped lights on ground floor, 1 pair, 1 triple and 4 single. Central panelled door in pedimented porch with barley sugar columns with bobbin-like capitals (the tomb of Lady Joanna Thornhill in Wye College [sic][a] also has barley sugar columns – she refounded a school in the college 1708). Left return (to churchyard) roughcast on ground floor with 3 light cusped windows to left and to right, with central arched doorway to cloister garth. Glazing bar sashes on brick 1st floor. Other exterior faces now within early C20 quadrangles, that immediately to east showing the moulded arched doorway through to the cloister, with mullioned square headed window over, and the Hall with 2 four-centred arched mullioned windows of the C15, and full height canted bay with 3 tier mullioned and transomed lights, the bay part of early C20 work. Cloister garth: the east wall with 2 depressed arched windows to Hall with brick stack projecting between them (truncated shaft). Originally fully framed, the arcade and gallery over rebuilt 1739 in red brick in English bond, with simple arcaded ground floor, plat band and boxed eaves, with glazing bar sashes on 1st floor. Within the inner wall the original, and fine, moulded C15 doorways survive, with C17 and earlier doors, C15 in some cases? Particularly good the wave moulded doorway with plank and stud door to the staircase.
— Historic England, Grade I listed[109]
- ^ Should refer to Wye Church not college
Painted glass
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg/220px-1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg)
In about 1996, it was discovered the low ground floor window from the college's cloistered quadrangle to Wye Churchyard was medieval painted glass and bore the crest of both's founder, Cardinal Kempe. The window was in a precarious position by the publicly accessible churchyard on the one side, and in a space used for student parties and ball games on the other. The college decided to replace it with a modern replica and sell the original. York Minster purchased the medieval glass at auction and incorporated it in their new Zouche Chapel, with other glasswork relating to Kempe.[110]
Latin School
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg/220px-Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg)
Schoolroom. Circa 1445 for Cardinal Archbishop John Kempe. Flint, in part refaced with red brick. Plain tiled roof. Single storey with hipped roof, and with 2 paired and 1 single four centred arched and label-hooded lights to road front, boarded door to left return with cusped light, both with label heads, and moulded doorway to right return. Wooden casements (in outshot) to north side. Interior: fireplace similar to that in the Parlour, Old Wye College; four centred ovolo moulded with fernleaf spandrels, with refined florid strapwork overmantel. Ogee headed panelled wall cupboards below the central window to south. Probably originally twice the size to north (hence the brick rebuilding). Built as, and used even after Dissolution, the Grammar School for both Kempe's original College and the Grammar School which succeeded it.
The building may not have consistently been used as a schoolroom. As early as the 16th century, references suggest it was employed as a chapel.[18] In 1903, a brick extension was added to accommodate a billiard table. The existing jacobean fireplace was moved and incorporated into the new structure.[4]: 25, 27
During WWII the building, along with the college's Old Lecture Theatre, was used for briefings by General Montgomery.[4]: 35 [61]: 27
Following college closure the Latin School was briefly occupied by community group Wye Heritage, as an exhibition and event space, but in 2021 Telereal Trillium obtained planning permission for conversion to residential use.[12]
Old Hall
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg/220px-Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg)
Hall: renewed screen passage at southern end, with C15 four centred arched doorways. Four centred arched stone fireplace with fireback dated 1610, possibly the date also of the wainscoting with fluted pilasters and cornice. Crenellated dais beam. Tall octagonal crown posts on moulded tie beams. Fragments of stained glass (Kempe's Arms) in bay window.
— Historic England, Grade I listed[109]
The minstrels' gallery is a 1946 embellishment, opposite the dais end of the hall.[107]: 219
Parlour
[edit]Parlour (later library): to north of Hall, entered also via cloister by linenfold panelled door in fluted surround to Ante room, with painted wainscoting. Parlour with heavily enriched panelling with foliated and scrolled pilasters, grotesque heads on bifurcated frieze with dragon motifs. Heavily carved and enriched beams. Stone fireplace carved in same manner as panelling with linenfold panel overmantel Structurally C15, decoratively late C16, the bay window and bookshelves c. 1900 (and 1980).
— Historic England, Grade I listed[109]
To the left of the parlour's cloister entrance is the door to what was as of 2021[update], a large medieval wine cellar.[69]: 10
Withersdane Hall
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg/220px-1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg)
51°10′49″N 0°56′52″E / 51.18015°N 0.94764°E
Wye's College's Withersdane Hall was the country's first, post war, purpose built hall of residence though constructed around a pre-existing mansion.[7]: 488 It included Swanley Hall auditorium; facilities for breakfast catering; lounges; laundry; formal gardens; tennis courts; woodland car parking; extensive lawns,[81][112] and could be configured as a residential conference centre. CEAS operated from premises on the site.[68]: 86 Between 1986 and 1993 Lloyds Bank, Dunstan Skilbeck and Bernard Sunley halls of residence were added to the complex.[62]: 98
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg/220px-0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg)
The name Withersdane derives from Wider's Farmstead, being Widres tun in Old English. Tun became corrupted to don, den and then finally to the present name.[113]: 3 In the 18th century, Hasted described Withersden as a hamlet, formerly a manor, "full of small inclosures, and the soil deeper".[36]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg/220px-0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg)
The original Withersane Hall was constructed in the early 1810s as a grand country mansion[99]: 25 near the site known for its curative mineral well named for Saint Eustace.[36]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg/220px-0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg)
Russell Hoban repurposed Withersdane as "Widders Dump" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker. Wye became "How"; The Devil's Kneading Trough, "Mr Clevvers Roaling Place", and Pet Street, "Pig Sweet".[114]
c. 1810 | Withersdane Hall originally constructed as a grand, three-storey, country mansion.[99]: 25 |
c. 1840 | Occupied by Captain Arthur Davies who farmed 300 acres (120 ha) with 16 labourers and a further eight domestic staff.[99]: 25 The house was owned by his uncle William Fuller.[62]: 94 |
1867 | Following Davies' death, the property was acquired by John Erle-Drax of Olantigh.[99]: 25 |
1881 | Premises leased to market gardener William Aycliffe.[62]: 94 |
1881 | Leased to land agent Frederick Beard and family.[62]: 94 |
1898 | Occupied by Dean Crake, and his wife, who built a billiard room on the site of the later breakfast room.[62]: 94, 95 |
1901 | Vacant until 1903[62]: 94 |
1903 | The Georgian mansion at Olantigh was destroyed by fire.[115] Wanley Elias Sawbridge-Erle-Drax moved his household to Withersdane during reconstruction.[99]: 25 |
1912 | Withersdane leased by Andrew Bigoe Barnard,[62]: 94 former Deputy Director Criminal Intelligence of the Bengal Police Department[116][99]: 25 |
1928 | Andrew Bigoe Barnard died.[62]: 95 |
1930 | Andrew Bigoe Barnard's widow Florence purchased Withersdane Hall from the Erle Drax family and replaced the billiard room with the structure that later became the college's breakfast room.[62]: 95 |
1930s | Andrew and Florence's son Norman Barnard, commonly known as Chippy, "presided over a gilded era of garden parties and social events straight out of the pages of P G Wodehouse".[99]: 25 |
John Charles Wanley Sawbridge Erle-Drax, a relation of the Erle-Drax former owners, produced pageants at Withersdane Hall, once playing Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.[99]: 25 | |
Visitors included future Lord Chancellor Quintin Hogg, and author Anthony Powell whose A Dance to the Music of Time roman-fleuve portrayed a golden era of country house parties, just like those he attended at Withersdane Hall.[99]: 25 | |
1939 | Norman Barnard worked for the Committee of Imperial Defence and was deputed to the underground Cabinet War Rooms.[99]: 26 |
Barnard moved his mother and children from their London town house, to the ostensibly safer countryside at Withersdane. Young evacuees from East London were billeted with them. The conflict was not entirely distant; gas mask practice was frequent, and a bomb exploded nearby killing three sheep.[99]: 26 | |
1940 | On Monday April 22, 1940, Major Barnard and his wife May visited their children. During the return to London their car left the road on Charing Hill. Mrs Barnard suffered a broken leg, but he died later of head injuries.[99]: 26 |
1941 | Withersdane Hall was requisitioned and fortified for the war effort It become a headquarters for the 43rd Wessex, and then the 56th (London), Divisions housing the divisional general and intelligence section.[99]: 26 As of 2019[update], some remains of bunkers and pill boxes are extant from that period.[62]: 95 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg/220px-Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg)
1945 | Withersdane Hall purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard. Initially Swanley College students lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on the site.[62]: 95, 96 |
1946 | Horticulture lecturer Mary Page redesigned the 3 hectares (7.4 acres) garden at Withersdane Hall to include extensive informal areas and a series of formal spaces separated by yew hedges within the walled garden.[117][118] |
1947 | Amalgamation of South Eastern Agricultural College with Swanley Horticultural College as the Schools of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during the war and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.[6]: 444 |
1948 | Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 96 |
1949 | Foyer, cloakrooms, and student rooms above, built at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 96 |
1951 | Swanley Hall (named for Swanley Horticultural College), kitchens, and rooms above completed at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 96 Withersdane Hall officially opened by Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.[119] |
1953 | Withersdane Hall hosts artist Evelyn Dunbar's only solo exhibition.[120] |
1957 | Evelyn Dunbar donated her large 1938 work, An English Calendar to the college and it hung at Withersdane Hall for many years. Post closure, the painting passed to Imperial College. Dunbar's husband Roger Folley was a horticulture lecturer at the college.[121][122] |
1975 | CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 97 |
1980 | Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother admitted as a Fellow of the college and shown the courtyard garden at Withersdane Hall named for her.[119] |
1986 | Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.[62]: 98 |
1992 | Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former principal.[62]: 98 |
1993 | Bernard Sunley Hall opened at Withersdane Hall. The scheme, assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation, included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.[62]: 98 |
2014 | Imperial College leased Withersdane Hall as a rehabilitation clinic.[62]: 98 |
2019 | Imperial College sold Withersdane Hall to the private, for profit, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.[123][124] |
Jacobean staircase
[edit]The grade I listed, Jacobean, three flight staircase adjacent to Wye College's cloister has been compared in significance to the grand staircases at Knole House. Its seven newel finials are large painted statues, two male and seven female, commonly referred to as the Ancient Britons. The largest male of the chestnut, Flemish style figures is believed to represent Hercules. They were separated from the newel posts for protection against students who pelted them, and placed for safe display on the nearby Old Hall's minstrels' gallery.[125]
Imperial College sold the statues in 2009 as reproductions. English Heritage and Ashford Borough Council ordered that Imperial College repurchase and return them, which it did.[125]
Students' Union
[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg/220px-Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg)
A dedicated Students' Union complete with swimming pool opened in 1974, replacing the Wheelroom complex.[3]: 24, 124 [81]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg/220px-2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg)
The Wye College Union of Students was NUS affiliated and a constituent union of ULU.[81] Originally established at the South Eastern Agricultural College in 1894,[46] in 2000 it merged with Imperial College Union.[126]
Wye Crown and quarry
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg/220px-0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg)
51°10′54″N 0°57′44″E / 51.18153°N 0.96231°E
During a parish meeting in 1902, the South Eastern Agricultural College's principal offered to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII with a hill figure, carved into the North Downs scarp, above the college. Horses and humans carved into hillsides are well known, but the 180 foot (55 m) tall crown motif chosen was to be unique. It had to be distorted to take account of the viewpoint below and took 35 students four spring days, and 7,000 wheelbarrow loads of turf, soil and chalk to excavate. The King's 30 June coronation was delayed by illness, but there was still a bonfire on the Crown. When the coronation did take place on 7 August the Crown was illuminated by 1,500 candles. The King was able to view the Crown himself, as a guest of Baron Frederic John Gerard at Eastwell Manor, two years later when it was lit by electric light.[127][128]
To mark the 1977 retirement of principal Harry Darling, before Wye College owned the crown field, students pegged out Goodbye Harry and marked it with herbicide, visible for all to see across the Stour Valley.[85]: 24
In 1991, gabions, filled with white-washed flint, were embedded at a cost of £29,000 to delineate the motif and reduce maintenance. Previously students had regularly scoured the exposed chalk and rebuilt its edges.[85]: 24 The work was followed up in 2003, when a bench and carved slate compass rose were installed above the Crown, on the North Downs Way. The Millennium waymarker identifies directions to historic towns including Canterbury, Hastings, York and is inscribed with the motto Floreat Wye or may Wye flourish. It rests on a time capsule containing articles relating to the area.[85]: 25
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg/220px-Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg)
Wye Crown has been a focus of celebrations for royal and national occasions,[129] as well as Wye College students' charity week bonfires.[130][85]: 24 In 2020, the Crown was illuminated to mark the 75th anniversary of VE Day,[129] although during World War I and II it had to be camouflaged from enemy aircraft to prevent use as a navigation landmark.[127]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg/220px-Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg)
Behind the bench and way marker are numerous small hollows believed to be ancient ironstone pits.[131] The features acquired a mythology among Wye College students and spoof traditions were attributed to inscriptions on stone tablets supposedly found there.[81]
The college's former quarry, below Wye Crown was a source of flint and chalk, the chalk likely burnt for construction lime.[131] Wye College students used it for clay pigeon shooting and spectacular parties,[81] causing marginally less disruption than the machine gun training there during World War II.[85]: 24 In 1991, part of the slope was converted to seating arranged as a natural, outdoor amphitheatre.[132]
Wye Crown and quarry form part of the Wye National Nature Reserve. Its thin, seasonally grazed chalk grassland provides an ideal habitat for orchids.[133]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg)
Legacy activities
[edit]External Programme
[edit]The Wye College External Programme, established in 1988 under Ian Carruthers and Henry Bernstein, was the first use of exclusively, distance learning by the University of London. The programme built upon Wye's established research and teaching links to the rural developing world, especially in Africa and combined resources from existing departments to offer rural development and other cross disciplinary MSc and Postgraduate Diploma courses.[134]
Developing the 50 courses cost Wye College £2 million.[11]: 17 Learning resources were initially on paper, supplemented by audio cassettes; videotapes, and 24-hour telephone support. The World Wide Web was embraced later.[5]
The program received a Queen's Anniversary Prize for Education in 1994, the first year the awards were granted. A citation commended the unique program for providing quality professional development to agriculturalists at a third the cost of overseas students in the UK, and its ability to project even into war torn countries thereby assisting their recovery.[135]
By 2000, Wye's External Programme had 975 mid-career professionals registered from 120 countries, and was growing. In 2007, it became the Centre for Development, Environment and Policy of SOAS, albeit initially from the Wye campus. This arrangement allowed enrolled students to be awarded their contracted University of London degrees but deprived Imperial College of a program it had been enthusiastic about acquiring.[11]: 10, 68
Hop research
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg/220px-2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg)
Mycologist and accomplished tennis player,[136] Ernest Stanley Salmon established a systematic hop breeding programme at the college in 1906. It was the world's first, and a model for those that followed.[48] The importance of his work was rapidly understood so while the college's other hop gardens were grubbed out in 1917 to grow potatoes and support the war effort, Salmon's trial plots were spared.[137]
Seeking fungal resistance he crossed European plants with seeds grown on from a wild Manitoban hop cutting,[48][136] and thence bred varieties including Brewer's Gold (1934), Bullion (1938), and Northern Brewer (1944). It was estimated in 2005 that over half of all hops grown commercially worldwide were descended from Salmon's original seedlings. Ray Neve succeeded Salmon in 1953 producing varieties such as Wye Northdown (1971), Wye Challenger (1971), and Wye Target (1972).[138][139]
In 1981, Peter Darby took over the programme focussing on dwarf hops such as First Gold (1995); aphid resistance (Boadicea, 2004), and flavour.[140][138] At that time, the college's breeding program was producing 30,000 plants a year to evaluate.[141]
The unit merged into a newly formed Horticulture Research Institute in 1985; through subsequent consolidation became part of Horticulture Research International in 1990, and spun off with East Malling Research Station to form East Malling Research in 2004.[42]: 191, 213, 215 As Imperial College sought to close their Wye campus in 2007, hop research activities transferred to Wye Hops Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Hop Association,[142] based at China Farm, Upper Harbledown.[143] As of 2019[update], Wye Hops' national hop variety collection has been relocated to Shepherd Neame's Queen's Court at Faversham.[144]
Cyclamen persicum
[edit]In the 1960s, Allan Jackson's breeding program at Wye[145]: 19 crossed large flowered cyclamen with wild forms, producing smaller houseplants with scented, elongated flowers and attractively marked foliage.[80] These became known commercially as the "Wye College Hybrids"[146] and as of 2021[update], continue to be produced.[80]
The hybrid varieties include Wye Downland (white), Admiral (orchid-mauve), Peacock (pinky / red) and Fritillary (dark-red and jewel colours). Those named after butterflies are fragrant and breed true to the colour of their namesakes.[145]: 117
Biological pest control
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg/220px-Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg)
explored biological methods of pest control and facilitated their widespread adoption.[147] Mike Copeland's entomology team harnessed Australian ladybirds, and parasitic wasps to suppress mealy bug and soft scale insect pests. He launched Wye Bugs at the 1991 Chelsea Flower Show to make insect controls available to ordinary gardeners, and with the subsequent closure of Wye Campus to facilitate continued research.[147] Wye Bugs occupied glasshouses and laboratory facilities to the north of Occupation Road but by 2019, when that site was presented for development, moved south of the track.[148]
As of 2022[update], Wye Bugs supply biological control insects and pest deterrents,[147] mainly on a wholesale basis.[149]
John Nix Pocketbook
[edit]John Nix published the first edition of his Farm Management Pocketbook in 1966 and sales were estimated at 250,000 copies by the time he retired in 1989.[150]: 1 As of 2022, it is in its 55th edition and known as the John Nix Pocketbook for Farm Management. Contents include information for budgeting, or benchmarking, that seeks to anticipate forthcoming trends.[151]
For many years, Nix's colleague in the Wye College Farm Business Unit, Paul Hill, researched and co-authored the pocketbook.[152] Nix died in 2018,[150]: 1 and his pocketbook is published, as of 2022[update], by The Andersons Centre.[151]
It was described in the International Journal of Agricultural Management as a "standard reference for business in agriculture".[150]: 1
Brook Agricultural Museum
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg/220px-Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg)
51°09′37″N 0°57′11″E / 51.16028°N 0.95293°E
In 1948, Wye College agreed to be custodian to a collection of old agricultural implements acquired by former staff members. Students including Michael Nightingale undertook the transfer, cataloguing and arrangement of items, from East Malling Research Station to Coldharbour Farm. When Wye College purchased Court Lodge Farm, Brook in 1957, the growing collection was transferred to the 14th century crown post roof Manorial Barn there.[76]
In 1996 the college decided to sell the adjoining Principal's House at Court Lodge.[153] Wye Rural Museum Trust, again led by Michael Nightingale, was established to take over the collection. With help from grants and donations the trust purchased its barn at Brook in 1997.[76]
As of 2022[update], the museum operates regular summer opening hours to the public.[76]
CEAS
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg/220px-1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg)
51°10′47″N 0°56′54″E / 51.17971°N 0.94827°E
The Centre for European Agricultural Studies was conceived at Wye College in 1971, within the Department of Agricultural Economics. As the UK joined the European Common Market, agricultural affairs in Britain were expected to be strongly influenced by Europe's Common Agricultural Policy. The centre was intended to be an independent research centre focused on implications for UK food, farming and rural communities of these new policy directions.[154]
A 1973 appeal raised £463,000 to support the research and in 1975,[62]: 97 Henry Plumb opened the purpose-built £650,000 premises and European Documentation Centre at Withersdane Hall. The Frank Parkinson Lecture Theatre there was supported by a grant from the Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust and incorporated facilities for live translation of speakers. Space was provided to accommodate visiting academics.[68]
By 1990, CEAS was providing a venue for the Worshipful Company of Farmers Advanced Management Course and specialist training to Lloyds and National Westminster Bank. The conference facility had a turnover of £200,000 and was booked up two years in advance.[68][155]
CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd incorporated in 1985 to undertake CEAS's commercial consultancy work, and Wye College held a 2⁄11 ownership stake that subsequently passed to Imperial College.[156] By 1990, it had established a satellite office in Brussels.[68] In 2006, CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd moved from Withersdane Hall to Bramble Lane, Wye and as of 2022[update], it operates, as Agra CEAS Consultants Ltd, at an address in Berkshire.[156]
Following changes to Common Agricultural Policy priorities, the centre was renamed the Centre for European Agri-Environmental Studies. In 2006, it left the closing Wye Campus and became a Centre of the University of Kent in Canterbury.[154][155]
Wye College Beagles
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg/220px-0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg)
51°10′49″N 0°57′35″E / 51.18032°N 0.95963°E
John Stevens established a Wye College Beagle pack in 1947, encouraged by principal Dunstan Skilbeck who was chairman from 1947 to 1967, and the endeavour was largely run by students of the college. It disbanded in 2014, having been independent of the college since 2008 when the campus closed.[65]: 74–78
The first kennelman lived in an old double decker bus by the kennels, but as facilities developed Beagle Cottage was made available by the college to his successors.[65]: 74
Supporters of the beagle pack ran annual horse, and terrier shows from the 1950s to 1980s, and also a hunt ball and puppy show.[65]: 74 Opponents of hunting within the college's student body organised their alternative "Anti-hunt Ball" on the same evening as the beagle hunt ball.[81]
In 1988, at the invitation of Simon Block, Lay Sheriff, Wye College's beagles led the Lord Mayor's Parade through the City of London. They were accommodated the night before at Knightsbridge Barracks.[65]: 74
Wye College Beagles achieved national prominence in 2001 when Animal Liberation Front activists raided their kennels and took approximately 47 of the pack. It was reported the beagles had only caught one hare in the previous year.[157][158]
In popular culture
[edit]2007 television drama Cape Wrath includes scenes filmed at Wye College. The Old Lecture Theatre's steeply tiered, student-proof oak benches masquerade as a London academic institution.[159][4]: 33
Alumni and staff
[edit]Agricola Club
[edit]The Wye College Agricola Club is an association of former students and staff of the college. It was founded in 1901 for the South Eastern Agricultural College, and from 1951 to 1995 was named the Wye College Agricola Club and Swanley Guild. From 2000 to 2009 it formed part of Imperial College's Imperial Alumni, but as of 2020[update] is an independent entity with some 3,000 members.[1] The club publishes an annual journal, Wye: The Journal of The Wye College Agricola Club.[160]
Staff
[edit]- Henry Bernstein[161]
- Borbala Biro[162]
- Allan Buckwell[163]
- Mac Cooper[164]
- Sir Daniel Hall[45]
- Sir Ronald Hatton[43]: 125
- Max Hooper[165]
- Sir Albert Howard[166]
- Margaret Keay[167]
- Audrey Lees[168]
- Christopher Lloyd[169]
- Norman W Moore[170]
- Norah Lillian Penston[63]
- John Percival[53]
- Peter Posnette[171]
- Samuel Pratt[32]
- Francis John Richards[77]
- J A F Rook[172]
- Sir John Russell[54]
- Ernest Stanley Salmon[48]
- Frederick Theobald[44]
- Ralph Louis Wain[6]: 447
- Gerald Wibberley[72]
Students
[edit]- Mary Abukutsa-Onyango[173]
- Neil Adger[174]
- Adam Afriyie[175]
- Carlos Agostinho do Rosário[176]
- Christopher James Alexander[177]
- Thomas Amarasuriya[178]
- Sir Ray Avery[179]
- Chris Baines[180]
- Abdullahi Bala[181]
- Horace Francis Barnes[182]
- Allen Bathurst, 9th Earl Bathurst[183]
- Cyril J Bergtheil[184]
- Charles Brennan[185]
- Thomas Brett[186]
- Sir Andrew Buchanan[187]
- Paul Cloke[188]
- Viola von Cramon-Taubadel[189]
- C D Darlington[190]
- Jon Edgar[191]
- Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea[9]: 31
- Michael Abu Sakara Foster[192]
- Fergus Garrett[193]
- Michael Gough[194]
- Alfred Haines[195]
- Carolyn Hardy[196]
- Eric Hatfeild[197]
- Sir Ronald Hatton[198]
- Bill Hill[199]
- Mark Hudson[200]
- Toufic Jaber[201]
- Christopher Lloyd[169]
- Charles William Mason[202]
- Masood ul-Mulk[203]
- Michael Neocosmos[204]
- Daphne Osborne[205]
- Hackman Owusu-Agyeman[206]
- Debbie Pain[207]
- Ayaz Latif Palijo[208]
- Rex Paterson[209]
- Pauline Lesley Perry[210]
- Robert Plot[24]
- Rebecca Pow[211]
- Major Keith Rae[212]
- Edward Rigby / Coke[213]
- Sir Charles Scudamore[214]
- David Mohato Bereng Seeiso[215]
- John Seymour[216]
- Col Edgar Harold Strickland[217]
- Sir Nigel Strutt[218]
- Hugh Synge[219]
- Horace J Taylor[220]
- Desmond Vesey-Fitzgerald[221]
- Andrew Waterhouse[222]
- Alaric Alexander Watts[4]: 34
- Sir George Wheler[38]: 22
- Michael Winter[79]
Further reading
[edit]Richards, Stewart (1994). Wye College and its World: A Centenary History. Ashford: Wye College Press. ISBN 978-0862661915.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Wye College Agricola Club History". Wye College Agricola Club. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Luce Et Labore", proz.com, archived from the original on 18 June 2022, retrieved 16 June 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Wye College Heritage Statement (PDF) (Report). Canterbury Archaeological Trust. 17 July 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022 – via Ashford Borough Council.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wedd, Kit (December 2020). Proof of Evidence (PDF) (Report). Spurstone Heritage. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022 – via Ashford Borough Council.
- ^ a b Pearce, Richard (17 February 1998). "Distance Learning – From Paper to Web". AERDD / FAO. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fowden, Leslie (2002). "Ralph Louis Wain, C.B.E. 29 May 1911 – 14 December 2000". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 439–458. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0026. S2CID 70562660.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Whyman, John (1996). "Reviews – Wye College and its World" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. 115: 484–489. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via Kent Archeological Society.
- ^ a b "Honorary Degrees". The McGill Reporter. 28 (17). McGill University. 23 May 1996. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Burnham, C P (2015). A Window on the Church of England, The History of Wye Parish Church (PDF). Wye Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d Sykes, Donald (1984), Guide to the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture and to the College Estate, Wye College, archived from the original on 27 August 2022, retrieved 27 August 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Leaver, Sally (April 2010). Berkeley Hill, Nigel; Huntington, Lucy; Prescott, John; Reynolds, Jane; Walters, John; Webster, Paul (eds.). An inquiry into the factors leading to, and the consequences of, the merger of Wye College, University of London with Imperial College (PDF). Wye College Agricola Club (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ a b c Huntington, Francis (18 February 2021). "Celebrating 10 Years of Wye Heritage (Part Two) – Wye Heritage". Wye Heritage. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Draper, Gillian (2018). "Education, Ashford college and the other late Medieval Collegiate Churches of Kent". Archaeologia Cantiana. 139. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Page, William, ed. (1926). A History of the County of Kent, Vol. 2 - Colleges: Wye. London: Victoria County History. pp. 235–236. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via British History Online.
- ^ "Statutes of Wye School". The Gentleman's Magazine. 60: 1086. 1790. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bank of England. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "The Master's Tower". Historic England. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Sweetinburgh, Sheila (13 October 2019). "Cobham and Wye Colleges". University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ Gardiner, James, ed. (1910). Henry VIII: November 1546, - Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Vol. 21 part 2. London: R H Brodie. pp. 203–248. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022 – via British History Online.
- ^ "Contact". Perry Court Farm. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ a b Whatmore, L E, ed. (1950). Archdeacon Harpsfield's Visitation 1557. Vol. 45. London: Catholic Record Society. p. 107. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022 – via Issuu.
- ^ a b c d Schools Inquiry Commission, Special Reports of Assistant Commissioners and Digests of Information Received. Vol. XI, South-Eastern Division. London: H M Stationery. 1868. pp. 115–116 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ McGovern, Barbara (1992). Anne Finch and her poetry. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0820314105 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b Scott, Michon (28 September 2017). "Rocky Road: Robert Plot". Strange Science. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "A History of Wye Church and Wye College by C S Orwin and S Williams". The Antiquary. 49: 398. 1913 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "School History". The Suttonian. XXX (246): 174. Christmas 1961. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.
- ^ MacLean, Gerald, ed. (1999). "The Return of the King : An Anthology of English Poems Commemorating the Restoration of Charles II". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
- ^ MacLean, Gerald (ed.). "Part V. Arrival and Progress in England, 25–31 May 1660". Giles Duncombe, "Cimelgus Bonde" and "T. F." verses from Scutum Regale 21–28 May - The Return of the King : An Anthology of English Poems Commemorating the Restoration of Charles II. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 – via University of Virginia.
- ^ a b c d e Woodruff, Charles Eveleigh (1929). The Records of the Courts of the Archdeaconry and Consistory of Canterbury (PDF). p. 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 – via Kent Archeological Society.
- ^ Woodruff, Charles Eveleigh; Cape, Harry James (1908). Schola regia cantuariensis: a history of Canterbury School. Commonly called the King's School. London: Mitchell, Hughes, & Clarke. p. 123 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Boys, William (1792). Collections for an history of Sandwich in Kent: With notices of the other Cinque Ports and members, and of Richborough. Canterbury: Simmons Kirkby and Jones. p. 271 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Pratt, Samuel (PRT697S)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Memoirs of the late Rev Philip Parsons". The Gentleman's Magazine. 82: 291–292. September 1812. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ellis, William Smith (1866). Notices of the Ellises of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from the conquest to the present time. p. 132. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 – via National Library for Scotland.
- ^ "Olantigh Towers". Lost Heritage. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hasted, Edward (1798). Parishes:Wye - The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. Vol. 7. Canterbury: W Bristow. pp. 340–368. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020 – via British History Online.
- ^ "School History". Lady Joanna Thornhill School. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ a b Knight, Caroline (2000). "The Travels of the Rev Sir George Wheler (1650–1723)" (PDF). The Georgian Group Journal. X: 21–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Warner, Stephen A (1908). Lincoln College, Oxford. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 20 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Barden, Thomas (2 March 2021). "The UK's Technical Decline and Whiskey Money". Waltham Forest College. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Richards, Stewart (1988). "The South-Eastern Agricultural College and Public Support for Technical Education, 1894–1914" (PDF). The Agricultural History Review. 36 (11): 172–187. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d de Silva, Carrie (2015). A Short History of Agricultural Education (PDF). Newport: Harper Adams University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Paul (July 2016). The Development of Horticultural Science in England, 1910–1930 (PDF) (Phd thesis). London: Department of Science and Technology Studies University College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2022.
- ^ a b c W D C A (1930). "Prof F V Theobald". Nature. 125 (3155): 607–608. Bibcode:1930Natur.125..607W. doi:10.1038/125607a0. S2CID 34222128.
- ^ a b Russell, E J (30 November 1942). "Alfred Daniel Hall, 1864–1942". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (11): 229–250. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018. S2CID 161964820. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Wye College Five-hundredth Anniversary" (PDF). Nature. 160 (4054): 40–41. 12 July 1947. Bibcode:1947Natur.160...40.. doi:10.1038/160040a0. S2CID 4142812. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Brassley, Paul; Harvey, David; Lobley, Matt; Winter, Michael (June 2013). "Accounting for agriculture: The origins of the Farm Management Survey". Agricultural History Review. 61 (1). British Agricultural History Society: 135–153. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022 – via Ingenta Connect.
- ^ a b c d Glasscock, H H (17 October 1959). "Prof E S Salmon" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4694): 1188. Bibcode:1959Natur.184.1188G. doi:10.1038/1841188a0. S2CID 21019936. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "A new system of sewage disposal". The Engineer. 132: 481–482. 4 November 1921 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Salmon, Ernest Stanley (1909). "On the making and application of Bordeaux Mixture with notes on Bordeaux Burn". The Journal of the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. 18. Canterbury: Headley: 240 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Igglesden, Charles (1925). A Saunter through Kent with Pen and Pencil. Ashford: Kentish Express. Retrieved 27 August 2022 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ The Historical Record (1836–1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar Completed to September 1912 - University of London Act, 1898 (PDF). London: University of London Press. 1912. p. 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022 – via Wikimedia.
- ^ a b c Bunting, A H (2001). Caligari, P D S; Brandham, P E (eds.). John Percival- the man: his life and times (PDF). London: The Linnean Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ a b Thornton, H G (1965). "Edward John Russell". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 456–477. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0022. S2CID 72005972.
- ^ Huntington, Lucy; Huntington, Francis (2015). "Wye College in the Great War 1914–18" (PDF). Wye the Journal of the Wye College Agricola Club. XVIII (6): 98–101. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Mr R M Wilson" (PDF). Nature. 146 (3701): 453. 5 October 1940. Bibcode:1940Natur.146Q.453.. doi:10.1038/146453a0. S2CID 4076463. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Wye the campus in the countryside". Wye College Agricola Club. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Wye Racecourse – history". Greyhound Derby. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Paull, John (June 2014). "Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography". Journal of Organic Systems. 9 (1): 40. Retrieved 27 December 2022 – via Research Gate.
- ^ Paull, John (2011). "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming". Journal of Organic Systems. 6 (2): 13–26. ISSN 1177-4258 – via Researchgate.
- ^ a b Update Report for the Committee (PDF) (Report). Ashford Borough Council. 20 June 2018. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Huntington, Lucy (2019). "The History of Withersdane Hall" (PDF). Wye the Journal of the Wye College Agricola Club. XVIII (10). Wye College Agricola Club: 93–99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Bedford College for Women, London: Dr Norah L Penston" (PDF). Nature. 167 (4243): 302. 1951. Bibcode:1951Natur.167R.302.. doi:10.1038/167302b0. S2CID 42289726. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Wye the Journal of the Agricola Club and Swanley Guild" (PDF). Wye College Agricola Club. XVIII (9). 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e McLennan, Jane (2014). "A History of the Wye Beagles" (PDF). Wye: The Journal of the Wye College Agricola Club. XVIII (4). Wye College Agricola Club: 74–78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022.
- ^ Taylor, Frank (10 January 2001). "Professor R. L. Wain". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Imperial College Act 1999". The National Archives. 1999. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
- ^ a b c d e f Wilson, Peter Northcote (2000). Tale of two trusts : an account of the Frank Parkinson trusts. Spennymoor: Memoir Club Collection. ISBN 9781841040134 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Wye College Regeneration Plan" (PDF). Wye College Regeneration Group CIC. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ a b Prentis, David (6 April 2021). "Appeal Decision – APP/E2205/W20/3259450, Former Wye College Buildings, High Street, Wye, Ashford TN25 2AL". Ashford Borough Council. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ "ADAS Research Stations". Hansard. 513. 14 December 1989. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Clayton, Eric (19 November 1993). "Obituary: Professor Gerald Wibberley". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Best, Robin H (1981). Land Use and Living Space. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0416737609. Retrieved 23 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Best, Robin Hewitson; Ward, J T (1956). The Garden Controversy: A Critical Analysis of the Evidence and Arguments Relating of the Production of Food from Gardens and Farmland. Ashford: Wye College.
- ^ Cherry, Gordon E; Rogers, Alan (1996). Rural Change and Planning: England and Wales in the Twentieth Century. Studies in History, Planning and the Environment. Vol. 19. London: E F & N Spon. ISBN 0419180001. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022 – via Silo.pub.
- ^ a b c d "History – Agricultural Museum Brook". Brook Agricultural Museum. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b Porter, Helen Kemp (1966). "Francis John Richards, 1901–1965". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 422–436. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0020. S2CID 73353917.
- ^ Bennett, Geoffrey E L (2022). "26". Is God Incompetent?. Searsmont, ME: The Writer's Portal. ISBN 9798986535609. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Rural Community Councils (RCC's) and Wye College Graduates". Wye Heritage. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ a b c "BBC Radio 4 – On Your Farm, Wye College". BBC. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Wye Life 1982–83". WCUS. 1982. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ Warboys, I B; Wilkes, J M; Goodham, P T; Wilkins, S M (1976). "The development of a double digging machine" (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Institute of Soil Tillage Research Organisation in Sweden: 46.1–46.7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023 – via Swedish University of Agricultural Science.
- ^ "Two-Way Plow". Farm Show Magazine. Volume 8 – Issue 5. 1984. p. 25. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Wye College Agricola Club – Professor Ian Lucas – Wye College Principal 1977–88..." Facebook. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Imperial Matters" (PDF). 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022.
- ^ McBride, Darren (2018). The Wolfson Lecture Theatre Community Nomination Decision (PDF) (Report). Ashford Borough Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Property valuation for Court Lodge, The Street, Brook, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5PF – The Move Market". The Move Market. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Financial Statements for period to 31 July 1997 (Report). Natural Resources International (Development Delivery International Limited since 2011). 1997 – via Companies House.
- ^ Financial Statements for year to 31 July 2000 (Report). Natural Resources International (Development Delivery International Limited since 2011). 2000 – via Companies House.
- ^ "Kempe Centre – Projects". Nicholas Hare Architects. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "The Story of Wye School". Wye School. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ "Imperial College London – Wye – a world leader in agricultural sciences". Imperial College. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Timothy John Hayes Clark". Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "Project Alchemy ... the legacy". Save Wye. 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ MacLeod, Donald (10 August 2004). "Imperial axes "unsustainable" agriculture department". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Newsletter" (PDF). The Fruiterers' Company. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Imperial College London – New GBP1 billion world-class scientific research centre and facilities planned for Kent". Imperial College. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ a b Hewson, David (2007). "Wye and wherefore". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hewson, David (2007). Saved; How an English village fought for its survival and won. Market Harborough: Troubador Publishing. ISBN 9781905886760. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2017 – via Scribd.
- ^ "Imperial College London – Imperial College London and University of Kent join forces to boost education". Imperial College. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- ^ "Wye College and Imperial College Act 1999 – a Freedom of Information request to Higher Education Funding Council for England". WhatDoTheyKnow. 17 May 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "Wye Campus". Imperial College. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "News – Telereal Trillium". Telereal Trillium. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Huntington, Francis (2019). "The Future of the Wye College Campus" (PDF). Wye the Journal of the Wye College Agricola Club. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "Research in the Department of Agricultural Science". Imperial College. Archived from the original on 13 January 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2005.
- ^ Information Handbook, Wye College, 1982
- ^ a b Parkin, E W (1985). "The Medieval origins of Wye College" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. 102: 209–232. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2022 – via Kent Archeological Society.
- ^ "Old Flying Horse, Wye". Historic England. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
- ^ a b c "Wye College Cloister Quad". Historic England. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
- ^ "The Master Glaziers". The Kempe Trust. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ "Latin School". Historic England. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
- ^ "Withersdane Hall Recovery Campus". Consultant Profile. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "Archaeological Desk-based Assessment of Land at Silks Farm, Amage Road, Wye, Kent" (PDF). Swale and Thames Survey Company. 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ "Places – Riddley Walker Annotations". Errorbar. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ Beckett, Matthew. "Olantigh Towers". Lost Heritage. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "India Office". The London Gazette. No. 12317. 3 January 1911. p. 4.
- ^ Huntington, Lucy (17 January 2015). "Withersdane Gardens – 2015 Rebirth". Withersdane Hall. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "Withersdane Hall Gardens, Wye – Ashford". Parks & Gardens. January 1915. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b "1980: HRH Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Visits Wye College". Wye Heritage. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ "Twentieth Century British Art by Evelyn Dunbar: "Joseph in Prison, 1949–50"". Unsung Heroines. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ Campbell-Howes, Christopher (16 January 2017). "Evelyn Dunbar". Evelyn Dunbar. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ "Agricola Club Journal 2016" (PDF). Wye College Agricola Club. 2016. p. 126. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ Harman, Charlie (1 February 2020). "Italian university to open campus in village". Kent Online. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Harman, Charlie (20 February 2019). "Historic Withersdane Hall in Wye for sale for £3 million". Kent Online. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ a b Sturt, Sarah (11 May 2018). "Wye College's Jacobean staircase of great historical significance". Great British Life. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Student Voice" (PDF). Reporter. 2006. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Discovering Britain – King of the hills". Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Wright, Dan (21 May 2020). "History of Kent's chalk landmarks: Wye Crown, Folkestone White Horse, Lenham Cross and Shoreham Cross". Kent Online. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ a b Wright, Joe (9 May 2020). "Wye Crown lit up at night as part of VE Day celebrations". Kent Online. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ "Charity Week Programme 1983". Wye College Union Society. 1983. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ a b Council, Kent County (25 January 2008). "Exploring Kent's Past". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Swift, Katherine (18 October 2003). "A seat in the stalls". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Wye National Nature Reserve". Natural England. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Smith, Paul; Gregson, Jon (2008). "The Wye Story" (PDF). Centre for Distance Education, University of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ "Winners Archive". Queens Anniversary Prizes. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ a b Atherton, Sophie (2019). 30-Second Beer: 50 essential elements of producing and enjoying the world's beers, each explained in half a minute. Brighton: The Ivy Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781782405481. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Wye College Notes" (PDF). Parish Magazine of the Church of Saint Gregory and Saint Martin. June 1917. p. 104. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022 – via Wye Historical Society.
- ^ a b Darby, Peter (2005). "Brewery History: 121, pp. 94–112". Brewery History (121): 94–112. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Wheeler, G (1993), Home Brewing, CAMRA
- ^ Thomas, Keith (2011). Garrett Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Craft Beer & Brewing.
- ^ Filmer, Richard (1982). Hops and hop picking. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. p. 35. ISBN 9780852636176 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "British hop family tree – courtesy of Peter Darby". Charles Faram. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "Hop Breeding". British Hop Association. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ "Go Green with Sheps at this year's hop festival". Beer Guild. 19 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ a b Nightingale, Gay (1987). Growing cyclamen. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-2402-2 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Cyclamen". University of Illinois Extension Service. 6 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "About Wye Bugs". Wye Bugs. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ Land North of Occupation Road Wye, Planning Statement on behalf of Tele-Property Investments Ltd (PDF) (Report). Hobbs Parker. September 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022 – via Ashford Borough Council.
- ^ "Mail Order Suppliers of Biological Controls for Home Gardeners" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. August 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Jones, James V H; Webster, Paul (2018). "An appreciation of John Nix" (PDF). International Journal of Agricultural Management. 7 (1). ISSN 2047-3710. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ a b "About John Nix Pocketbook". The Andersons Centre. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.