克伦语支 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
克伦语支 | |
---|---|
使用族群 | 克伦族 |
地理分佈 | 印度、缅甸东南部、泰国西部、中国边境地区 |
谱系学分类 | 漢藏語系
|
原始語言 | 原始克伦语 |
分支 | |
语言代码 | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | kar |
– | |
ISO 639-6 | kree |
Glottolog | kare1337[1] |
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克伦语支,是由约450万克伦族使用的一群声调语言,是藏缅语族的一個支系,分布在缅甸克伦邦、克耶邦、掸邦和邻近地区。[2]它们在汉藏语系内的归属不明确。[3]克伦语支语言一般用克伦文书写。[4]克伦语支下有3种语言:斯高克伦语(通常所说的克伦语)、波克伦语以及勃欧语。克耶语(红克伦语)和巴东语也属于克伦语支。克伦语的语序是主谓宾,和藏缅语族通常的语序主宾谓不同。汉藏语系中,有这种特征的还有白语和汉语。[5]现在一般认为这是与孟语和台语接触的结果。[6]
系属分类
[编辑]克伦语支在词法与句法上和其他藏缅语存在相当的不同,因此白保罗 (1972: 2–4, 129)将克伦语置出,归入“藏-克伦语族”,不过这种做法现在已经不再得到接受。[3][6]
常见的地理分类将其分为3部分:
巴东语是北支与中支之间的过渡。[7]使用人数最多的语言是斯高克伦语、波克伦语和勃欧语。
Manson (2011)
[编辑]Manson (2011)的克伦语支分类方案如下,每支都有独立的创新:[8]
- 克伦语支
- 外围:位于词首的原清塞音送气(如*p > pʰ)
- 北支:鼻音韵尾合流(如*am、*an > aɴ);韵腹为开元音的塞音韵尾合流(如*aʔ、*a > a)
- 巴东语
- Lahta
- Yinbaw/Kayan
- Yintale
- 中支:元音高化(如*a > ɛ)
- 克耶语
- Geba、Bwe
- Paku (?)
- Geker/Kayan Geku, Gekho(可能属于中支或南支)
- Kayaw, Manu(可能属于中支或南支)
- 南支:鼻音韵尾合流,且韵腹高化(如*am、*aŋ > ɔ)
- 斯高克伦语、Paku
- Dermuha, Palaychi
Geker、Gekho、Kayaw、Manu的分类不明确,可能属于中支或南支。
新谷忠彦 (2012)
[编辑]新谷忠彦 (2012:x)[9]在他所谓“Brakaloungic”语支中包含了克伦语,分类如下。
但在出版时,新谷忠彦 (2012)报告说有40多种克伦语和/或方言,其中有许多最近才被记录下来。他还指出,所有Brakaloungic语都受到孟语影响,有些语言还受缅甸语和掸语影响。
巴东语分布在克耶邦、掸邦南部和克伦邦北部。新谷忠彦 (2016)认为下分4支,[13]分别是Kangan(“低地”)、Kakhaung(“高地”)、Lawi(“南部”)、Latha(“北部”)。[14]新谷忠彦 (2016)所记Nangki是“高地”语群的一种克耶语,仅见于一个村庄。
Kadaw分布在克耶邦,有鼻化元音而无鼻音韵尾。[14]其受缅甸语影响多于受掸语影响。Thamidai是另一种克伦语。[15] 以下是Hsiu (2019)根据新谷忠彦公布的词汇进行的系统发生学分析分类,总体结果类似于新谷忠彦 (2012)的整体结构。[16]
Luangthongkum (2019)
[编辑]Luangthongkum (2019)识别出原始克伦语的北中南3支,但认为3支彼此的关系是不可知的。[17]
- 克伦语支
注释:西Bwe Karen语群保留了内爆或前声门化阻碍音ɓ/ʔb、ɗ/ʔd,以及清响音hn、hl等。
祖语
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Karenic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
e22
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 3.0 3.1 Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
- ^ Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation. Omniglot.com. [2015-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-02).
- ^ The Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Berkeley.edu. [2015-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2006-08-13).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Matisoff, James A. Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews Inc.). 1991, 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.
- ^ Solnit, David. Eastern Kayah Li. Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (编). The Sino-Tibetan Languages 2nd. Routledge. 2017: 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4. p. 933.
- ^ Manson, Ken. The subgrouping of Karen (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2011 [2015-05-05]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-09).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Hsiu, Andrew. Karenic. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. 2019 [2023-03-09]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-09).
- ^ Luangthongkum, Theraphan. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2019, 12 (1): i–lii. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:10524/52441
.
- George van Driem, Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill, 2001.
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0700711295.
阅读更多
[编辑]- Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) A Sociolinguistic Survey of Pwo Karen in Northern Thailand (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) An investigation of intelligibility between West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Manson, Ken. 2010. A bibliography of Karen linguistics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
构拟
- Jones, Robert B. Jr. 1961. Karen linguistic studies: Description, comparison, and texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics 25. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2013. A view on Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. Unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT.
词表
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
外部链接
[编辑]- Free Anglo-Karen Dictionary (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- A grammar of the Sgaw Karen (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Drum Publication Group (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)—Online Sgaw Karen language materials. Includes an online English - Sgaw Karen Dictionary.
- Karen Teacher Working Group (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)—Several Karen fonts available for download.
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